oii. xm. !«fo. .'8. 



AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 



299 



)ANA'S PRIZR ESSAY ON MANURES. 



Shction Ninth. 

 (/if Causts ichich Mnke Urine lieiler or Wursit 

 itore or Less, and the Modes of Preserving il. 

 i'hcre can be no doubt that the same onuses 

 ch we have pointed out as aiTecting the value 

 unjr, aftccl also tlje urine. 



V^e have already alluded (in section viii.) to the 

 chief circumstances to be reijarded in urine. 

 I t'lrsl, of Its composition. It will be affected 

 he affo, sex, food, and difference of animal, 

 process of firminnr trine is the same in man 

 animals. Now if we reason here, as we surely 

 , from analoijy, then tlie effect of age and sex 

 1 the (jiianlity of the essence of urine or urea, 

 appear from the result of one hundred and 

 ity analyses of urine, as follows : 



Grs. of Urea. 

 I hours there are discharged by men, 432 

 vomen, 293 



lid men, from 76 to 80 years of age, ]23 

 hildren 8 years of age, 208 



hildren 4 years of age, 70 



will be recollected that each grain of urea is 

 to a grain of carbonate of ammonia of the 



3 ; so that a healthy man discharges doily I "^^'' soiling. 



be given, than the Shaker practice of feeding with 

 lettuce leaves. Having little brains to replenish 

 or build up, and not (jnick in his nerves, (for bo it 

 known to you, reader, the opium of lettuce-leaves 

 is supposed to contribute mainly to the furmation 

 of brain and nerves,) the opium-eating hog will re- 

 turn a vast amount of the nitrogen of his lettuce 

 in the shape of ammonia. If now you add to the 

 facts, common to the nourishment of swine, the ac- 

 tion of ammonia on mould, as it has been explain- 

 ed, you will see, that he who neglects to fill his 

 yards witli mould, and swine to convert it, over- 

 looks one of the cheapest, most effectual, and cer- 

 tain modes of forming manure, which practice and 

 theory unite in pronouncing the the surest element 

 of the farmer's success. Not only is the quality 

 of urine affected by age, sex, food, differei.o of ani- 

 mal, but the season also exerts an influence upon 

 this liquid. The urino of cattle often contains 

 ammonia ready formed in summer, but never in 

 winter. In cold weather the amount of ammonia, 

 or rather the principle affording it, is less ; often it 

 18 not one-half in winter what it is in summer. 

 This certainly is a misfortune to the farmer, who 

 generally keeps his cattle up only in winter ; but 

 then it is an argument also for the practice of sum- 



t an ounce of this salt. If then other animals 

 ffected by age and sex, as is the human spe- 

 then we may say that bulls and oxen give a 

 r urine than cows, steers better than calves, 

 I venerable old cow gives nearly as much of 

 sscnce of urine as two calves. 

 )od affects the quantity of water, and that act- 

 nerely to dilute the urine, renders it weakerin 

 for a given amount, though perhaps not the 

 amount of salts. Supposing the animal well 

 ?o as to keep up the wear and tear of his 

 I and flesh, then as the urine derives its chief 

 ! from the worn-out materials of the body, the 

 il amount of urea daily discharged may be the 

 , though the amount of the urine may vary 

 derably. We may increase 'the amount of 

 and acids by particular food, but this can 

 • be continued long enough to change mate- 

 the character of urine as a manure. Diffe- 

 ' of animal has also a great effect on the qual- 

 ' urine. The more active, the greater the 

 and tear of the flesh, tlie better the urine in 

 ing animals. Where the animal is .stall-fed, 

 , no doubt, the urine is still richer, and the 

 of fattening animals is still more valuable, 

 e of all animals, commend me to swine, as 

 factiirers of ammonia. Cast your eye on the 

 (in section 8) of the amount of urea or ammo- 

 irnishod by various animals. No one exceeds 

 og. lie seems specially formed by nature 

 is office. lie eats every thing. Mis habits 

 re very little of that class of food which forms 

 and blood. He is a fat former, a magazine 

 d, a real oil-butt, and demands, therefore, the 

 essential to form fat and keep up his heat, 

 iturns, of course, having little lean meat to 

 (nobody would praise him for thnl,) having 

 flesh to form to increase his size, he returns 

 ly the waste his body suffers, os urea, which 

 :ies ammonia. But it is only the still, and 

 and penned animal, which gives this valua- 

 roduct. If we would cause him simply to 

 CO the greatest amount of his manufactory, 

 ut taking into account his labor in shovelling 

 .he eomposl heap, perhaps no belter rule can 



Secondly, with respect to the circumstances 

 necessary to change urea to ammonia; or, in short 

 words, to fully ripen urine, or to make it a lit ma- 

 nure. These also depend upon the season, in part. 

 It i^to be remembered, reader, that this rotting of 

 urine is only fermentation. It takes place because 

 there is a principle in urine which brings on fer- 

 mentation, just as it does in new cider. Now if it 

 is by fermentation that urine rots, it will take place, 

 as all fermentation does, best at a moderate tempe- 

 rature. The cold of winter will prevent it. Hence 

 your winter manure must be allowed time, as 

 the heat of spring comes on, to ferment, that the 

 urine may be changed to ammonia ; and every 

 means must be taken to prevent the heat rising 

 beyond, in the manure heap, or falling below a 

 moderate temperate warmth. These are the cir- 

 cumstances which chiefly promote the change 

 from urea to ammonia. 



Thirdly, in regard to the time in which this 

 change will take place, it will require at least one 

 month; and six weeks are better. If urine be al. 

 lowed to rot for a month, it fully doubles its quan- 

 tity of ammonia. In fact, it would have contained 

 more than double the anmionia of fresh urine, had 

 not a portion escaped. This brings us to our 

 fourth point, the best mode of preventing the flying 

 offof the ammonia when this change has taken 

 place. 



(To be conlinuod.) 



Cure for Cancers. — A gentleman who has for 

 years been afflicted with a cancer on his face in- 

 forms us, that after having followed the prescrip- 

 tions of some of the most skilful physicians, at the 

 expense of more than seven hundred dollars, hav- 

 ing twice had it cut, he has been effectually cured 

 by simply bathing it three or four times a day with 

 brandy and salt. Those afflicted with these viru- 

 lent ulcerSj will do well to try it Maine Cult. 



In 1600, the constables in the Colony of Ply. 

 mouth were ordered to look after all persons who 

 slept in church, and report their names to the Gen- 

 eral Court. 



UNRULY MILKERS. 

 Does your cow kick ? Do not fly into a pas- 

 sion, and pound her with a handspike, or beat her 

 with a goad or cow-hide, or vent your spile in 

 kicking her in turn. You will only spend a great 

 deal of vengeance uselessly ; causing great wear 

 and tear of temper, make yourself feel very foolish 

 when you get over it, and set a bad example to 

 your children ; while your cow, in seventy cases 

 out of seventyone, will kick as badly as bel'ore, or 

 worse. If she is a heifer, you will certainly teach 

 her to kick ; as her kicking in the first instance 

 was from pain or fright, or some such cause, of 

 which she would be cured by simply paying no at- 

 tention to it. A heifer never kicks from principle. 

 If she is an old cow, your thrashing will generally 

 be worse than thrown away. Just keep philosophi- 

 cal, and try other means. 



Make u pen of just the size that the cow can 

 comfortably stand in, and no more. This you can 

 do in the corner of your yard, by setting down 

 three posts, and boarding them up fence-like, leav- 

 ing it open at the end to drive in the cow. Let a 

 space be left open at the side where you wish to 

 milk. Put your cow into it, and fasten her in by 

 stretching a chain across the end of the pen behind 

 her. Then take a piece of rope, say fifteen long, 

 and lie one end of it to a post behind the cow, and 

 near its length distant from her ; lie the other end 

 to the leg of the animal, just above her foot, draw 

 it back as much as it would naturally be for her to 

 be milked. Then sit down and milk the cow at 

 your leisure. It will take a man an hour perhaps 

 to make the pen ; and when once made, it is very 

 little more trouble than to milk without. She may 

 object going into it the first and second times, but 

 will afterwards give no trouble. 



This we recommend only, however, when a man 

 has an animal, valuable otherwise, which will kick 

 — a poor cow that Avill kick, is too great a nuisance 

 to Iliink of keeping at all. — Prairie Farmer. 



MILLS FOR GRINDING BONES. 



A correspondent of the Fanners' Monthly Visi- 

 tor says : 



Some ingenious person would confer a lasting 

 benefit upon the country, and at the same time de- 

 rive advantage himself, by inventing a cheap, sim- 

 ple and effectual mode of reducing bones to a pow- 

 der. It is believed that all the mills yet invented 

 and in use, are heavy, very costly, and even slow- 

 in doing their work. Bones, especially the fresh 

 ones, which are the best, have a toughness added 

 to their hardness, and the gluten ihey contain calls 

 for very considerable power in their reduction: 

 they also are so moist and adhesive after being 

 broken, or crushed, that the ordinary modes of re- 

 ducing a more dry material, entirely fail, as the 

 bones clog and choke up the mills used for other 

 purposes. A contrivance to render them fine, and 

 keep itself clear when the work is effected, seems 

 to be the object now so desirable. If, as in En^. 

 land, bones shall renovate to pristine fertility our 

 lands that have failed to make profitable returns, 

 will they not add at once to individual and national 

 wealth, and in effect cause a sort of accession to 

 our territory, better than new regions ? 



Give sheep pine boughs once or twice a week ; 

 they will create appetite, prevent disease, and pro- 

 mote their health. So says "the United S'- 

 Complete Practical Receipt Book." 



