vo(>. XMi. xn. 43 



AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 



389 



B rest, which many deem more beautiful to I he 

 e thun n level, and when seen whitenod with 

 eir blossoms in the sprinw, or blushlnj: deeply 

 th their fruit in Butumn, they are exceedingly 

 (ea.-inj to the eye. In general tliey arc (cirnicd 

 'the white tliuru, and sonieKint^s of the holly, and 

 i>t unfrcqiienily of these two plants intermingled. 



jt I must cnntess, Myself somewhat disappointed k^i^t",',; „,, ^..^e dunn- the Buminer 

 thecondiiion of the hcd|rps throui,'hout Kn^'land. 

 f course there are many excepiiniis, and perhaps 

 e cases to which I refer, should be considered as 

 ceptlons to the general fact ; but in Irequenl in- 

 inces, the hedires are frreaily neglected. There 

 e many vacancies in them ; they are not well 

 mined ; they are intermingled with various 

 eed'' and rubbish; and, instead of being confined 

 a width of four or six feet, they are often seen 

 ith their pernicious acco upanimi'nts occupying 

 010 than a rod in width. I inquired why this 

 as permitted ; and why, when the rest of the 

 ce was so clear and bright, such dirt spoH were 



lowed to remain; the answer was, " that they ,„||,^ „, t|,e churn, and stirred about till it reoches 

 ere left for the protection of the game, and that , ^ jg,„p^^^,„,p „,• 55 ^„ (-,0 degrees." Water power 

 ey inadeexcrllenl covers for partridges and fox- ^^ f^^^^^ for churning to any other, as it is more 

 1." When so much care and expense are in- I ^^^,^_. ., ^^^^^ ^^j_^^ churned, the butler is 

 irrcd in the protection of this kind of game, it '^ | |,^;^^__^^ , , ^^^^^j wit),' cold water; if this be not 

 be hoped .hat it may suggest always the higher | ^^^^^ .^ .^ ^^g.^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ buttermilk clean out 

 ity of taking care of the Auma« game, the hungry 1^^ .^ ^s soon as cool and solid, the butter is 

 ,d ragged children, who, in some parts of Eng- ^ ^^^,^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^,^ ^^ ^_^,^^^,, ^^^^^^ j^f,,^^ p^^p^^ly 

 nd are as numerous, and growing up as wild, and ^^,^^^ ^.^^ ^,^^_^ ^.^^ ^^1^^ ^^^ ^^.^,1^^^ ^^^^ ,,,^^. 



BUTTER-MAKING. 



[We take the subjoined from Mr Ellsworth's 

 valuable report :] 



The Goshen butter, in the State of New York, 

 is celebrated all over ths country, and the following 

 account is given of one of the most celebrated dai- 

 ries there: — "The cows arc regularly salted and 



In the 



winter, each cow is kept in a stall, with a separate 

 door to it, in a building two sides of a square round 

 a large yard ; the upper story of the building is 

 appropriated for fodder and hay. The cows are 

 brought up to the yord, night and morning, and 

 regularly niilkeo. The milk is set away on a cel- 

 lar bottom ; here it stands till loppered and soured, 

 as it is said to make more butter in this state than 

 any other, and of a belter quality. in this state 

 it is poured, cream and all, into churns which hold 

 a barrel each. If the weather be cool, and the 

 milk not sufficiently warm to come readily, a can 

 is filled with hot water, and this is placed in the 



any of them as little taught, as the rabbits in a 

 arren. 



The enclosures in England are of various ex- 

 ml, from ten to twenty, and fifty acres. There 

 •e some farms with scarcely a subdivision, and in 

 lese cases the stock are soiled, fn parts of Eng- 

 ind, however, they resemble the divisions of New 

 Ingland farms, and are of various sizes, but gen- 

 rally small and of all shapes, and often not ex- 

 ceding t'our or five acres. It is reported of a far- 

 ler in Devonshire, that he lately cultivated one 

 undred acres of wheat in fifty different fields, 

 'here mu.st have been here a great waste of land 

 nd labor. One of the most competent judiresof 

 gricultnral improvement in England says, howev- 

 r, that ' his tenants never wish to have more than 

 me plowed field on a farm.' The loss in land by 

 00 many fences, the loss of time in cultivating in 

 imall fields instead of large, on account of the ne- 

 cessity of more frequent turnings, and plowing the 

 lead-lands by themselves, and the actual cost of 

 naking and of maintaining the fences, not to add 

 hat these fences are 



larbor for vermin, are serious considerations."- 

 Caiman's European JlgricuUure. 



ouglily with a wooden ladle — the hand never be- 

 ing allowed to touch the butter, as, from its heat, 

 it softens it." After being thorou^'hly worked, the 

 butter is packed in firkins of seasoned white oak. 

 The firkin, previous to packing, is well washed 

 with cold water, and then rubbed all round with 

 salt, to prevent the butter from adhering to us 

 sides. It is put down in layers as churned, 3 or 4 

 inches deep. When the firkin is filled, a linen 

 cloth is placed over the top of the butter; on this, 

 half an inch of salt ; to which is added a little wa- 

 ter, to form a brine. 



The cellar is considered very important ; it 

 should be seven feet deep ; 18 inches of which, at 

 the top, should be allowed for ventilation ; the 

 windows to be covered with very fine wire gauze, 

 to let in the air and keep out the insects ; the 

 walls to be of stone and pointed ; the floor of slabs. 



The best temperature at which butter may be 

 procured from cream, as appears by the experi- 

 ments of Dr. Barclay and Mr Allen, is in commenc- 

 shelter for weeds, and a '"g churning from fifty to- fiftylive degrees, and at 

 no time ought it to exceed sixtyfive degrees; 

 while, if it falls below fifty degrees, it will be 

 more difficult and laborious to obtain the butter. 

 It was found by Mr Ballantyno that the greatest 

 quantity of butter is obtained at sixty, and the best 

 quality at fiftyfivc degrees in the churn, just be- 

 fore it came. 



In the making of the beat butter, rich pastures 

 are considered very desirable. A sufficient diver- 

 sity of grasses mixed tou-ether, is useful ; but there 

 are some weeds which do great injury li" the milk. 

 The species of ranunculus known by the name of 



generally avoid it, but they sometimes do not. 

 Those which are confined to limited pastures, are 

 more exposed to it; while those which have a wi- 

 der range, and can make their choice of plants, 

 Bulfer less. Greater care should be taken to eradi- 

 cate it from the fields ; and by the use of lime 

 among the materials of compost, and frequent turn- 

 ing over the seeds, which are sometimes thus car- 

 ried forth into the fields with the manure, it should 

 be destroyed. Plowing up the land also may be 

 necessary ; but at all events, the buttercup, if pos- 

 sible, should be rooted out. 



Much depends on the proper beating or working 

 of butter, by which it may be deprived of its but- 

 termilk. Rubbing with the ladle is not sufficient. 

 In an English publication of high authority, it is 

 said that " the great point in making good butter, 

 and that will keep, is the freeing it from butter- 

 milk ; and, if everything else is well done, and this 

 point overlooked, good butter is impossible for any 

 length of time. The mixture of milk in any de- 

 gree with the butter, is sure to produce an unplea- 

 sant taste in the butter; and the entire freedom 

 from this, constitutes the grand secret of making 

 (!ood butler. 'I'liere are many who think washing 

 biittiT with water incompatible with retaining the 

 rich flavor ; but if the water is cold and pure, it is 

 scarcely possible anything should he washed away 

 except ihe bnllermilk, which destroys the flavor of 

 all butler. Besides, the best butler in the world, 

 and that which in all markets commands the best 

 price, (viz: Dutch butter,) is invariably made in 

 this way. Perfectly free from buttermilk, butter 

 may be kept with almost as much ease as tallow. 



Lime and Salt.— I tried this mixture on two 

 acres of old grass land, having mixed them in the 

 proportions recommended by Mr Ciithbert Johnson. 

 A heap was made, and the lime and salt were laid 

 in alternate beds, then mixed up together, and well 

 covered over with soil and sods. Afler three 

 months this was applied to the meadow in ques- 

 tion ; it was in a stale resembling mortar, and was 

 with difficulty spread ; afler it became dry, it was 

 beat to pieces, and spread and bush-harrowed. In 

 many parts of the field, the grass appeared as if 

 ic was scorched. It did not grow luxuriantly, and 

 the crop was the worst I ever had — in some parts 

 not worth cutting. — Correspondent Gard. Cliron. 



Love of Flowers. — A love of flowers is one of 

 ;lie earliest of our tastes, and certainly one of the 

 most innocent.. The cultivation of flowers, while 

 It forms an elegant amusement, is a most healthy 

 md invigorating pursuit. Unlike hunting, fishing, 

 ■shooting, or similar rural amusements, it inflicts no 

 3iifreriii2 on any of the animal creation, and merely 

 aids nature in her efforts to make the world beau- 



tiful to the eve, as the fruits are pleasant to the ..„ , 



taste The flower garden, while it agreeably oc- the buUerc.p, is said t- have eff-ecled great mjury 



cupics the time, does not impose a heavy tax upon 1 1" the butter in parts of Ensland ■■ - " 



»r» v,.ru f„>„ flnwpr.q but what 1 '""S also prevailed among cattle 1 ;, , -• 



It is said to 

 'J'he 



An epidemic 

 the pnrket and there are very few flowers but what i '"-s also prevailed among cattle in England, which 

 may bo euit.valed to as gre^it perfection in the gar- ! ''»« I'sen traced to the same cause 

 den of the peasant as of the peer. It is n taste, i be now spreading through this country 

 too which IS well adapted to the female character, ; plant is described as being of an acrid, poisonous 

 and afl-ords much rational amusement to the re- j nature, and, by various experiments, it has been 



cluse. — Manual of Gardening. 



proved to bo very fatal to animals ; cattle will 



^nn/>/si»o/-Sot7«— The following is a method 

 of annlysing soils for ordinary agricultural purpo- 

 ses : Weigh a convenient quantity of the earth 



to be analysed, say 1000 grains, dried in the open 

 nir; dry the same before a fire on paper, so as not 

 to scorch the paper; re-weigh, and the diflference 

 will be the organic matter. Pour a convenient 

 quantity of muriatic acid on the remainder ; stir, 

 and when Bctlled, pour it ofl", and add oxalate of 

 ammonia: the precipitate will be the lime. Mix 

 the remiiinder with water, and stir it well ; when 

 a litllc settled, pour ofl' the turbid mixture, and the 

 suspended conicnts are orgillaceous, and the de- 

 posit siliceous. — Correspondent Gard. Chron. 



Cucumber and Melon Bu^S.—The ravages of 

 Ihe yellow striped bug that attacks cucumber and 

 melon vines, may be eff'ectually prevented by sift- 

 ing charcoal dust over the plants. There is some- 

 thing in this very offensive to the bug. — .Imerican 

 Far. 



