No. 2. 



AND G A R D E N E R S J O U R N A L. 



19 



eighty (liillnis; and na iho crop oblnined from ibc 

 ground would pny for eultivnting it, the whole ex- 

 pense of ihe nppic crop would be the interest on eigh- 

 ty dojlnrs, thnt is, live dollars and sixty cents for eight 

 hundred bu^hcds; which would he at the rate ofscrcn- 

 tcnths of a cent, per bushel. It is probable, however, 

 that the land would rent for a trifle for tillage, which 

 would still reduce the cost. 



Now, it is very rare that root crops can be raised 

 for le?s than six cents a bushel; and ns they arc less 

 nutritive, as has been already shown, the greatly su- 

 perior advantages of the culture of apples becomes at 

 once manifest. 



There is another point whidi should not be over- 

 looked, — that ie, that no labor is required, after an or- 

 chard is planted, in keeping up the culture, — no sow- 

 ing nor planting, no weeding nor thinning — the ap- 

 ples, as a farmer observes, "raise themselves;" which 

 is a very important consideration in a country where 

 labor is costly, and land comparatively cheiip. 



Scraps from our SJeiiioraiiiluin Book. 



Inside P.\pering of Roo:\I'!, may be cleaned in 

 most instances by rubbing over the soiled part with a 

 piece of bread, which adheres to and removes the dirt. 

 India rublier might also be useful in many instances. 

 Inside work, painted in oil, should be rubbed with 

 flannel dipped in warm water, and afterwards wiped 

 with a dry cloth. Loudon says, " In general, it will 

 be found the best economy to have the ceilings of the 

 living-rooms painted in oil, and to have the walls ci- 

 ther painted, or covered with what is called washing 

 paper, the colors of which, being in oil, admit freely 

 of being washed with flannel or sponge, and water. 

 Trau<!p!antiit2:. 



It is not very common that too much pains are 

 taken in transplanting trees. A man is hired at a 

 dollar a day; and to make the most of his work, thirty 

 trees are put in hastily, instead of twelve thoroughly; 

 and twice the ainount of his wages is lost by trees 

 dying from superficial transplanting, and more than 

 ns much more by their subsequent stinted growth. — 

 A htmiorouB writer says, "Whenever the trees ore 

 to be or have been long out of ground, take care to dry 

 up the roots, by exposing iht^i as much as you can to. 

 the sun and air; do not be nice in planting; but do and 

 say with Twigg's uncle: 



" I rams 'em in, 

 Now thick, now thin; 

 For what cares I 

 If they grow or die." 

 Preserviag IIa:^i? from- the Fly. 



We are informed by a very experienced person, 

 that a very eifoctiinl and easy method of preserving 

 hams from the ottacks of the ?.y, is to rub over the 

 fleshy part, just befjre they are hung in the smoke- 

 house, a spoonful of finely ground pepper to each 

 piece. 



Razor Strap-s. 



It is well known that the oxide of tin has been verj' 

 suc-jessfuUy used as a paste for razors: — an excellent 

 mode of applying the oxide to a strap which has lost 

 its elficicy, is to rnb it strongly across a tin vessel, 

 there being, in ordinary cases, suniciem of the oxide 

 upon its surface to coat the snrfoce of the strap. 

 Value of Fr-Jit. 



Pri.n'ce's Imperial G.vgk. — The tree is of extraor- 



nary productiveness. The fruit is larger than the 

 en gage, and of excelknf quality. A single tree 

 of this variety at Charleston, (Ma^s.), owned by Sa- 

 muel R. Johu3:>n, has tor several 6Mcce=sive years yiel- 

 ded crops which were said at from forty to ffty dol- 

 lars per annum. — KenricI:. 



Marking Bigs, Tools, &c. 



Bags, tojle, vcsEfle, &c., are frequently lost for 

 want of the owner's nam? upon them; a eimple mode 

 ( f narking is theref^ire of some injpoftnnce. Psete- 



bonrd is frequently used, through which the letters of 

 the name are cut, and placed upon the object to be 

 marked, the paint from a brush passes through ond 

 marks the name accurately. But pastc-boord often be- 

 comcssoftened by the paint, the corners curl, and the 

 leilers are defaced. To remedy this, tin-plate is sub- 

 stituted for paste-bonrd, but the Inborof cutting the let- 

 ters is much increased. We have found, however, 

 that iJiick shccl lead possesses the advantages of both; 

 the letters may be cut with great facility, and they re- 

 tain their shape as well as when cut through sheet tin. 

 Raisin;^ Water from Wells, 

 A good pump is one of the very best modes ol' rais- 

 ing water; a had one is \\-orse than the old-fashioned 

 "sweep-pole" and bucket. But as pumps generally 

 slightly affect the taste of the water, especially when 

 little used, many prefer drawing water from the kitch- 

 en well by means of a drum for the bucket-rope to run 

 upon, and a heavy counterpoising weight running up- 

 on the axle of the drum. The chief difficulty, howe- 

 ver, appears to be in piocuring a suitable weight for 

 this purpose — a large stone is commonly uged, a hole 

 being drilled into it, and a hook attached to the stone 

 by pouring round it, into the hole, melted lead. Bnt 

 a much easier, and far more neat anil convenient way 

 is to fill ixkeg with stones, or better still with broken 

 cast iron or iron pigs, and pour sand into the intersti- 

 ces. The weight of this may be regulated ot pleasure 

 by the quantity of materials in the keg. The keg 

 should be suspended by a strap of harness leather, two 

 or three i nchea wide, which winds concentrically up- 

 on the a-xle. 



Fur t/ic "^'cw Genesee Farmer. 



FARM STOCK--AO. 1. 



Messrs. Editors — It is a verj" pitiable sight, to go 

 about our country and see the condition of the multi- 

 tudes of cattle and sheep which fill almost every 

 farmer's yard in the spring of the year. The sever- 

 ity of our winters, with bad management, are, in my 

 opinion, the sole causes of so much poverty among our 

 cattle. The fact is, farmers keep too much stock, 

 therefore, some, of course, must look poor in 

 spring. Many farmers have their farms overstocked 

 with horses, and do not cut fodder sufFiciont to keep 

 them, as they ought to be, to look line in the spring of 

 the year. Of this, many are now sensible, and are 

 determined to diminish their stock at all hazards, and 

 even dispose of the greatest share, and see if they 

 cannot, hereafter, cut fodder enough to winter the re- 

 mainder. The fact is, Messrs. Editors, farmers want 

 to keep a large number of cattle, and at the same time 

 grow large crops of wheat, which it :s impossible to uo 

 and keep them in the condition they should be. If a 

 farmer desires to grow wheat largely, let him do so; 

 and if he desires to raise stock, let it be his solo busi- 

 ness; but by no means attempt both in large quantities, 

 upon one form, because it is rmining the land too hard, 

 and Will very soon spoil it for anything. In this 

 country, where the land is so well adapted to all kinds 

 of grain, farmers would, in my opinion, do much bet- 

 ter to raise wheat than Block. One great detriment 

 in growing stock, ie, the winters are so very long and 

 severe, that it is almost impossible to winter a herd of 

 cattle through, without having thorn re'duced almost to 

 skeletons. It very often required all summer to get 

 cattle and sheep in as good condition as when winter 

 commenced. If we have a desire to go into the stock 

 growing business in this cold latitude, we must see 

 that our cattle and sheep are well taken care of, and 

 have sufficient to t.itisfy hunger in cold weather. In 

 pursuing this course we may grow slock to a small ex- 

 tent, but without it, it is impossible to have them good. 



Yet there are many, hov.-sver, who have been 

 pinched in past time, who will, most likely, as soon 

 OS grass comi'i, fwget their troubles and reeolvcs; and 



as their calves are dropped, say, "Well, it is a pity to 

 knock such a pretty calf in the head— 1 con't spare the 

 milk to fat him, but lean bring him up on skim milk," 

 and thus he is sufli?rei to live, a skim milk calf, turo 

 enough; and the next, and the next, and so on to the 

 lost, are also suflercd to live. Now, sirs, a calf will 

 live through the summer on skim milk, but as soon 

 as cold weather comes he will begin to fail, and ten 

 chances to one whether he survives the winter. It 

 is a very poor plan, in my eetimation, to try to biing 

 up calves on skim milk — they will never look half os 

 nice OS those broiight up on sweet milk or those that 

 suck the cows, nor make half so good cattle at three 

 years old. If we intend to raise calves, (or any thing 

 clue,) let us try to raise them as they ought to be. — 

 Nothing loolcs so handsome in the winter season, aa 

 to go into a barn yard, ond see the cattle all in a good, 

 thriving condition, and have a comfortable situation, 

 to repose through the cold winter storms. When wo 

 see such, we may rely that the man is a good practi- 

 cal farmer, and has some pride in tcking care of his 

 domestic animals. 



Now let us look on the other bond, and sec the far- 

 mer that has no protection for his stock. We sec at 

 once thot his cattle and sheep are always, in a very 

 poor condition, and very probably ere spring arrives 

 he will be complaining about losing cattle, and won- 

 ders why they should be so much poorer than his 

 neighbors, when perhaps they have a good supply of 

 food three times a day. It is obvious such formers 

 neglect to provide shelters, and hence the difference. 



Sheep are, in my opinion, very much neglected. — 

 Many think, because they have a thick coot of wool, 

 they need ns shelter, and many are thus lost. They 

 need as much protection as our horses; that is, if we 

 expect great profit from them the coming season. If 

 sheep are not well wintered, their wool will not be 

 very good, and more than this, ihey will be so very 

 poor, that it will be a very great trouble to shear them. 



What looks more pitiable in the eyes of the passer- 

 by, than to see sheep aird cattle all foddered together? 

 and some of them .with their fleeces almost torn ofl", 

 others, os the old saying is, ".ibout ready to kick the 

 bucket," ond only by neglect of the farmer. 



Some farmers still continue in their old practice of 

 farming, and say there is nought to be learned by ta- 

 king agricultural papers, and will not take them. — 

 There are, however, very Itw but think such jiapers 

 are tiseful to the farming community. By them, we 

 learn difS.Tent modes that have proved the best in 

 growing all kinds of grain, and therefore saved a great 

 deal of hard labor and expense. Agriculture is im- 

 proving very rapidly in Western New York, ond will, 

 in all probability, continue to do so. There is nought 

 to hinder the farmers of this fertile and picturesque 

 country fiom enjoying every thing so conducive to 

 their peace, comfort, ond happiness. They hove first- 

 rate lands, and by good management, may become 

 more prosperous every succeeding year. It is not 

 half the labor now to keep our farms in repair & do our 

 work as formerly — we have various kinds of forming 

 implements, eucb, for inbtance, os the patent plough, 

 drag, and throshing mochiife. Foim.erly, formers hod 

 none but the old bull plough — no way to thrash wheat 

 but the flail, which was a very slow process. Besides 

 the great improvements in farming tools, there arc al- 

 so great improvements in stock, so much so that the 

 cattle and sheep now roised in ^V'estern New York are 

 worth double, yes, treble, those grown formerly. 



RespectfivUy yours, AV. S. T. 



Sovtit J'cnicc, January 14, 1S40. 



Remarks. — Our correspondent has taken a very 



jnst view of the importance of winter protection for 



domestic animals. Hp has also very properly expo- 



: sed the pernicioos effects of attempting to raise tviee 



