T^^o. 2. 



A i\ D i; A U JJ E iV E 11 J J U U 11 i\ 11 L. 



m^ 



to hold n shorter tenure of life than all of us hope for, 

 mill most of us expect. Twenty yeni 8 ago, nt forty 

 \rT!rsof nse, wo commenced the cultivation of what 

 \> "5 termed a barren, unt imeablc common, not an acre 

 I r which had been cultivated, and on which a tree or 

 -■ iiib had never been planted by the hand of man. — 

 W'c have now growinij in our court-yard, comprising 

 about hnlf an acre, anil in the highway in front of It, 

 tifty species of forest ond ornamental treeB,_ many ol 

 them forty and lifty feet high, more than tifiy species 

 of ornamental shrubs, not including the rose, besides a 

 vast number of herbaceous, ornamental, ond bulbous 

 and flowering perennial plants — the greatest number 

 of which, in all their variety and hue of foliage, (low- 

 ers, and fruit, may be embraced in a single view from 

 the piazza. Most of om- fruits hove been raised by us 

 from the seed, or propogated by grufting or budding. 

 Yet we can enumerate more than two huudretl kinds, 

 including varieties, which we are now in the habit of 

 gathering annually from trees, vines, &c., of our own 

 planting. We feel grateful 10 God for these rich and 

 abundant blessings, and for the impulse which prompt- 

 ed our labor. \Ve have adduced our own e.\amidc, 

 not in a spirit of vaunting, but to convince the young 

 and middle-aged, that there is abundant reason for 

 them to plant with the hope of enjoying the fruits of 

 their labor. The old should plant from an obligation 

 they owe to society, and fir the requital of which they 

 have but a short period allowed them. The young 

 should plant for the double purpose of benefitting them- 

 selves and their children, 



■' We would by no means advise that the farmer 

 should confine himself to mere ornamental trees. — 

 There are many fruit trees that are not only ornamcn. 

 tal but useful, about dwellings, aa the cherry, pear, 

 apple, quince, &c. 



" There is not a spring or an autumn in which o 

 few hours cannot bo spared without detriment to the 

 labors of the farm, to plant out fruit and orn.imenlal 

 treo3 and shrubbery about the dwelling, andbutvciy 

 few hours are rea.uisite. There is no great art requi- 

 red in the business. The holes for the plants should 

 be dug larger and deeper than the size of the roots, in 

 order that these maybe surrounded on all 6!dc.<; by 

 a rich surface mould, into which the new' roots moy 

 push freelv, ond find food. The infertile soil from the 

 pit should be thrown away, and its place supplied by 

 raoulJ taken from the surrounding surface; the loots 

 should have their naturol direction, and the earth be 

 well pressed uiion them; and the plants chould be 

 protected from cattle till they are of a size not to be 

 injured by them." 



We commend the work to every individual inter- 

 ested in agriculture: and we trust its dissemination 

 will elevate and improve the standing of ogricultcre, 

 ond conduce to its prosperity throughout the country. ^ 



From the Ynnlcec Fanr.fr. 



BETTEK BUY THA3f BOEKO'^V. 



I like to see a farmer well provided with tools, thai 

 he need not be subject to the very troublesome incon- 

 venience of borrowing. Some, however, prefer to 

 carry on their work by means of their neighbor's im- 

 plements, and, from frequent use of the same, ihcy 

 seem to think, that they derive a positive right to them. 

 You may bring home a new axe, ijr in.-tance, all 

 ground ond sharp fjr lousiness, and, in half an hour, it 

 you wi^h for it, you are pretty sure to find it at the 

 woodpile of your borrowing neighbor. Is not this 

 most provoking? A former, as well as a mechanic, 

 should have tools of his own. How would it answer 

 for a carpenter to depend upon a brother artificer for 

 his broad-axe, hie mallet, his hammer, and hand-paw 7 

 For myself, I have always endeavored to keep on hand, 

 and read.' ior ufe. every sort of farming utensils, that 

 I think I may need, in my, rather small way, perhaps, 

 of husbandry ; and it may be, thot what has been re- 

 marked about it is true, viz: that, for this very reason, 

 my neighbors are but too negligent in this matter, cal- 

 culating that whenever they want a tool, they know 

 where to find one. I have been called a 'good-natu- 

 red imn, and willing to oblige,' but, from this time 

 hereof irtb, I am determi.ied to set up my F.benczcr 

 in the business, and show them, that I am not 

 withoulgrit and resolution. I will not be pestered, as 

 1 have been for a series of years, with such continual 

 annoyance. 1 would be liberally disposed towards 

 my neighbors: 1 would be in season ond out of season 

 in my good offict?8: but with respect to farming tools, 

 there is no more lack of them for the ogiijuUurists. 

 than there is of lace, ril ands, and trinkets for a ball 

 room. Every sort and kind of tool is ofi'ered for sale 

 at the Agricultural ttores, and a man ie not obliged 

 now, as once, to botch up an old, worn-out tool, be- 

 cause there are no more to be purchased. The best 

 oecommodatiou on this behalf may now ba (ound on 



the right, and on the left, so thot borrowing is out of 

 the qucc^tion. I say to the farmer who expects to ear- 

 ly on his business by depending on his ncigbboi's for 

 tools, — 'avaunt! nor presume to meddle with my 

 scythe, my rake, my fioil, my brake, my axe, my hoe, 

 my plough, my crow;' ay, and again 1 eay, hands oil 

 from my beetle and wedges. 



Beetle and wedges ! Apropos. — Thc€c arc the 

 worst of all implcmenis for lending, and, when once 

 from home, the owner is fnre t" £<e his beetle jctuin- 

 ed, (if it even be returned,) clacked, ringlets imd 

 useless. ■ By the way, I hove snid above, that e\cry 

 sort and kind of IVirming tool is offered for sale nt the 

 agricultural stores; but it is not to altogether. Not 

 long since 1 made inquiry at the several establith- 

 ments in the city for n beetle, when, behold, 1 wos 

 told that no tuch thing was thcie, or ever was. 'Cull 

 at the wooden-ware shops,' said they, 'and you will 

 he accommodated.' I replied that a beetle was a far- 

 mer's utensil, and why not keep theml ' No,' was 

 the aufwer, 'a beetle belongs to the line of brooms, 

 bnskcte, mops, and bread-tiays.' 'Whewl' toid I, 

 and, trudging awoy to one of the woehtub merchants, 

 made inquiiy for the article. They, indeed, showed 

 me something, colled a beetle; hut, ' O, tempora, O, 

 more-!' — a niiserable, flimsy affair! What a wretch- 

 ed foiling ofl", in the beetle line, fiom thote noble 

 thumpers in the dnys of our grnndl'athers! Abraham 

 Aulhraciie stood hold by ond remarked, ' wbot reed 

 of such tools now-a-days, when wcod-iires have grown 

 out of foshion, and coal is all the go?' But I soon sa- 

 tisfied Abraham,- that he knew not half the jiurpoecs 

 of beetle ond wedges upon a form. Earmcra do with- 

 out them? ' 'Tis an absurdity,' I moy be thought 

 more nice than witc, when 1 say, ' give me n finish- 

 ed beetle for mtj uic. I wont none oi'your ill-shaped 

 smashers, as long aa a horse's head. I would have a 

 smooth and stout handle also, a little biggest at the 

 upper end, that it need not clip out of my hands, whin 

 i give the blow. The rings, to be cure, need not be 

 poliBhed but they should be oi proper width, circum- 

 ference, and thickne.T6, and of tough iron. 1 want no 

 shaninnng in the making of my farming tools.' I 

 turned to leave the place, when Abraham again accos- 

 ted me, faying, ' I tell you wbot, neighbor, come to 

 think on't, if you s'aould puichase a good beetle, I moy 

 want to borrow it in preparing some fencing siufl" for 

 a little lot I have in your vicinity.' 'Borrow! you 

 borrow, Abraham?' said I, and hastily deported, leav- 

 ing him to ponder on where and how he might supply 

 himself with beetle ond wedges. 



Again, onother word or two on the subject of bor- 

 rowing. You may say, Mr. Reader, that ' farmers 

 ought to be obliging to each other, and, that without 

 borrowing and lending, more or less, it will be difii- 

 cult for a neighborhood to prosecute their busine-s of 

 agriculture, ns oftentimes, it happens, thot ace dents 

 occur; — tools may be suddi nly broken and ilcc-lroyed, 

 without a chance of immediate rcparouon, &c. Gran- 

 ted. It is the duty of all to lend their aid in such ca- 

 sej, and when I refuse to assist my neighbor in such 

 on emergency, then mark me for a disobliging, cross- 

 grained fellow. But, er, it is the negligent, habitual 

 borrower, the one who cares not a fig for your tool, 

 after he has done with it, and who never will own 

 cue, so long as he can borrow, against whom I lay 

 my charge. Neither do they confine it to tool-bor- 

 rowing altogether; I can hardly get my newfpaper in- 

 to my hands from the Post Office, before I am assailed 

 by some litdc urchin wit'u — ' daddy wonts the print,' 

 OS nntch as to eay, that we take it in partnership! — 

 But, in particular, with borrowing fanners I have no 

 patience. No one con work without tools, and if a 

 man owns.lond, ond pretends to farm it, let him pup- 

 ply him.oelf, to prevent hord words and wry looks. I 

 set my face ogainst these habitual borrowers of farm- 

 ing tools. J..ct them not think of being accommoda- 

 led from my tool-house. Touch not: — meddle not 

 with mine, from my gnrden dibble to my bect'e and 

 wed*TGS, Sm-iti.og. 



Decompositioa or Putrefaction of Vf setnWc.s. 



All vegetobirs, when the principle of life has de- 

 j parted from them, begin spontaneously to be decom- 

 I posed (to putrift',) The elements which enter into 

 the composition of plonts, when left entirely to the 

 disposal of thi^ir chemical aflinities, have a tendency 

 to sCjinrale from each other and fi.rm new compounds 

 very dilfercnt frcm those which compote the living 

 plant. This is termed the "spontoneous decomposi- 

 tion" of vegctnbles. The substonces formed by the 

 new arrangement of the elements of the vegetables, 

 OS if it had bc'U totolly onnihilated when life ceased 

 to prcsei-ve its particlfs together in the vegetable form. 

 Thjj conipountla formed, when the vegetable dies 

 ' end' piitrefaclion gc»9 on, aro, carbonic acid, water. 



carbonic oxide, and caiburetted hydrogen. The two 

 fojinerorc the chief iCoults of the decompoaition ; tl;o 

 two latter tiirmcd more tijoringlj-, ond p.rincipally 

 when theie is not a free supply ot o.xyiLen to the sub- 

 stoncc undergoing decomprsition. 'I'hc cnibon ond 

 hyiliogcn ol the idont hove a coiiilont tendoncy to 

 unite with oxygen, ond lorm carbonic acid and water. 

 Now there is never preccnt in the vegetable a eniti- 

 cient supply of oxygen to produce these coiupcunds 

 pre.rnt'-d irum e.\ternol souices, as formed, one of 

 which ((atboiiic oxide) requires a lees quantity ol car- 

 bon and hydrogen. 



In vegetables which decay under water, caiburetted 

 hydrogen is abtiiubintly formed : hence a;i:cs the gas 

 which is (bund so pkntitul in summer in stagnant 

 watcis containing quantities of putrclying vcgclubles. 



The spontoneous decompotition of vcgetoblcs goes 

 on most rapidly when they ore exposed to the air, kept 

 moist, and preserved nt a degree of warmth higher 

 than the usual tempcratiae of the atmofphcre. Pu- 

 ticfaction is rctordtd or almost prevented if the veg- 

 etable be diied, so that its own moistuie is expelled, 

 coiefully excluded from air ond moisture, ond kept 

 cold. The influence of heat in promoting the decay 

 of vegetables depends upon the repulsive power it 

 posiessos, by which it disposes the various clementa 

 to atbume the gaseous Ibrra. Animals ond vcgettblea 

 are frequently found in snow or ice, in a hi{;h stale o{ 

 preservation. 



Such ore the chonges whii h go on in tlje dead pdant. 

 Thot myatcrioiis of ent. Life, is oble by its peculmi 

 power, to control and overcome the cheniicol attrcc 

 lions which tend to pioduce there changes and icloina 

 ihe;e elements in that slate el' combination beet ndap 

 ted for the pel formence of their proper functions : at 

 the moment he.wevcr, in which life ceatee to superin- 

 tend the cxciciEC of these functions, they cccse ond 

 the chemical attractions, no longer restrained by the 

 vital principle, obtain full swoy. The carbon, o.'•.ys•el^ 

 ond liydrogen, foimerly exitling in the state of wotid 

 berk, leaves, fruit, ortecdi^, ol.ry the laws of chem;» 

 try, return to the slote of ciffbonic ocid, water or in 

 fiaiinnahle gos, mix with earth ond aimospheie, olibrn 

 mitiiment to the new plonts, ogain form leaves, flow- 

 ers, ond all the beoutilul and diversified ergons of tho 

 vegetoble creation — again wither aird decoy, and le- 

 turn to the soil to supply new generoticu?, and coutir.- 

 up the tame series of unceasing revolutions. — Clmu' 

 istry of Xaiurc. 



Notwithstanding the imniente groin- cro.s cf thia 

 countiy, the post seoson, ond the fact ib^ t loige tt-nr.. 

 tit'cs of flour hove been exported to Ei.iopc, still ;c\ ■ 

 erol vestels hove arrived at New York rccert'j w -•h 

 lye, from Odessa. This may serm l.ke "utiiy'r-;; 

 cools to New Castle,' to ihose who ore not n> v.i!'i ii.j 

 with the fact that this lye is intended I'cr the ci.tl. 

 lay. — BosiOJt Times. 



Great Wheat Msumi ix Oiiio. — A w": •-. r in 



the Kanesville Ohio Republ.con etatts ihatt ::, h so 

 been two millions one bundled ff y ibci.ii.j i' ft s. . U 

 of grain sold this year in ihot countiy, 'Uiisis itini- 

 ing to some pui-poee. 



Let the best cars of corn he selected annually, and 

 there will be an anniiol improvement ; in this v.cy, 

 eome kinds that were only middling some years ogo. 

 hove now become excellent. 



Two formers may have the Earoc kifid of corn, and 

 one selects with care his seed, while the other is neg- 

 IcctftU ; ofle r some years there ie so wiele a diflcrerce 

 that the negligent man is astonished at \\ic superior 

 crop of him who has acted with sagacity, ond pays a 

 high price for the improved voriety. 



He is convinced by po.-itive proof that others have 

 been going forward while he hos been stationary, or aa 

 Paddy says, " advancing bockwoids," and at last ho 

 awakes from hie lethargy and endeavors to progress in 

 rapid strides, by adopting the improvements t';ct olhcra 

 have steadily and profitably pursued. — Yankee Varmcr 



Si.xGULAR Temres. — King John gave several lania 

 ot Kopperton and Atterton, in Kent, to Solomon Alie- 

 field, to be held by this singular service : That, aa 

 oFien as the King thould be pleased to cross the sea, 

 the said Solomon, or h's heirs should be obliged to ac- 

 company him, to hold his majesty's head, if there 

 should be oei:aEicn for it, " that is, if be should be sen 

 sick ;" and it appears, by the record in the Tower, iknt 

 this same office of hruil holding wos actually perform, 

 ed in the reign of t.dward the First. 



More than sixty thoueoml persons are registered on 

 the books of the twelve municipalities of Paris, as in 

 a state of slaiTotJon. 



