84 



THE NEW GENESEE EAR M EK, 



'OL. 1. 



herself on the leaf of a turnip, cabbage, or tbe tender 

 shoot of a tree. In a tew ilnys tbej' can be numbejed 

 by thousands, each vigoroubly employed in pumping 

 out the juices of tbe plant, and thus injuring, if not 

 wholly destroying it. The leaves curl and wither, 

 and if they fix on plants intended for seed, the seeds 

 are not perfected. 



Another striking peculiarity in the aphis, is tbe hon- 

 ey like product it furnishes in such abundance; and 

 which, during the summer months, constitutes the 

 principal food of the ant. The two horn protuberan- 

 ces just mentioned, are hollow; and while they are fix- 

 ed to the leaf or twig, small drops of transparent li- 

 quor exude from the opening, and if not taken otf by 

 the ant are thrown off into the air. A few years since 

 a magnum bonum plum tree, standing in our garden, 

 was infested with millions of ai>hidef, the under side 

 of the leaves being encrusted with ibem. From this 

 tree there fell a continued shower of these minute 

 drops, looking, when tbe sun was in the proper direc- 

 tion, like falling mist. The currant leaves, grass, 

 itc., below, was frequented by flies and wasps, as the 

 tree itself was by numerous ants — all partaking of this 

 animal nectar. 



Tbe destruction of these insects is a matter of ranch 

 difficulty, after they have once obtained possession of 

 a plant. Close fumigation of sulphur, wash ng or 

 sprinkHng with soap suds, tobacco water, &.C., may 

 sometimes succeed; but the surest remedy is to watch 

 their appearance, and whenever a colony appears, crush 

 it at once, by destroying the leaf or twig. The fig- 

 urea we have given are those of the Aphis rosca^ a fair 

 representation of the species generally; green, and 

 preying on the shoots of the rose bush, the flowering 

 of which it damages or prevents. The figures are 

 much magnified." 



Domestic Manufactures—Protective Tarifl'. 



To Oie Editors of the Neio Genesee Fanner: 



Ge.vtlemen — I owe you an apology for so long de- 

 laying to answer the circular, in which you did me 

 the honor to ask my name to a call to a public meet- 

 ing, &c. 



My apology in this, as in all other business matters, 

 is, alaa ! a permanent reality; — I am, unfortunately, a 

 confirmed valetudinarian, confined by illness at, or in 

 ■' " immediate neighborhood of, home. As I could 

 not attend the contemplated meeting, I thought it 

 would be improper for me to join in the responsibility 

 of call ng it. 1 am, however, happy to see it most 

 substantially called; and doubt not that this incipient 

 step will result in the permanent establishment of a 

 society, which will do much to promote the honor, in- 

 fluence, and interest, of our humble and self-degraded 

 profession. 



The respectable list of names appended to the call 

 IS a sufficient guarantee that all things will be well 

 done; yettheieis one subject which bears so promi- 

 nent a place in my mind, that I must beg you will al- 

 low me to suggest the propriety of presenting it for 

 consideration at the meeting. I allude to the impor- 

 tance to the interest of the agriculturist in particular, 

 — as well as of all classes in general, — of a sufficient 

 and permanent protection by government of tJie manu- 

 facture in our oicn country of allfabricsfor which we 

 ran furnish the raw materials. 



But how is this important object to be attained ? I 

 ■ answer, by organization and systematic action:^by 

 union and zealous perseverance: — by supporting agri- 

 cultural papers and forming and sustaining agricultu- 

 ral societies throughout the whole length and breadth of 

 the land: — by stimulating these to discuss the subject 

 far and wide, and show its importance to every farmer 

 in the country. Show each individual hie self-inter- 

 est in this matter; — tell him, and prove to him, that 

 when we use foreign goods we have no market for the 

 produce of our fairs, and when we use domestic 

 goods our market is good, money is plenty, and prices 

 arc high; that this ever has and ever will be the case, 

 as sure as cfiict will follow cause. 



Why may not your paper and your society take the 

 lead in diffusing information and eliciting interest and 

 action upon this important subject 7 Open an exten- 



sive couesjiondcncc with other periodicals, societies, 

 and individuals; — wake up the farmers, the manufac- 

 turers, the tradesman, the every class and profession; 

 for we are deeply interested in this matter. — Prepare 

 then for selecting members for the next Congress with 

 particular reference to the subject; and for memoriali- 

 zing the present Congress, next winter, with a zeal 

 and numerical force that shall command respect and 

 action. 



Who can contemplate the present and increasing 

 political power of a comparative handful of abolition- 

 ists, and doubt that the host of agriculturists in this 

 country can, by organization, nnanimity, zeal, and 

 lierscveiance, carry a measure which the bcstinttreet 

 of a vast majority, if not indeed the whole of this great 

 nation demands ? 



Hoping and trusting that your conttniplatcd society 

 may be organized " upon the best and surest founda- 

 tion" for laating happiness and prosperity, I will close 

 this letter, — already too long, — with the following 

 sentiment : — 



A rnoTECTiVE T.iRiFF: — Otc corner stone of agri- 

 cultural prosperity, and tite sheit anchor of national 

 independence. CHARLES CRANE. 



Centerfield, Ontario CO., May i^, lti40. 



From the Buffalo Commercial Adrertiser. 



Domestic Manufactures. 



Passing by the miserable condition of the currency, 

 our country was never so well prepared to engage ex- 

 tensively in all the more use'ul branches of substantial 

 manufactures, as at the present time. Cotton and wool 

 are abundant and very cheap, and such are our facili- 

 ties for growing these great staples, that the price can 

 be maintained at a very moderate range, and still af- 

 ford a fair profit to these important branches of agri- 

 culture. Our western prairie farmers, whose planta- 

 tions often exceed in extent many German principali- 

 ties, and supply our manufactures with any desirable 

 quantity of wool, at the lowest rates, as the carcases 

 of their sheep will more than pay the whole expense 

 of their keeping, which will render the money recei- 

 ved for their fleeces, clear profit. Provisions to feed 

 operatives are now very abundant, and such is the im- 

 pulse lately given to the great business of cultivating 

 the earth, that the price of its products must range 

 very low for many years to come. Those who imag- 

 ine that England will need much of our bread stuff's, 

 for the next ten .years, are but little informed as to the 

 decided improvements and increase in the agricultural 

 operations, both in Great Britain and the Continent. 



Our farmers, ipAo control the ballot-box, must, by 

 judicious legislation, provide a stable home market for 

 the products of their industry. We beseech them to 

 weigh well the fact, that there was brought into the 

 United States and sold, no less than one hundred and 

 fifty-seven millions' worth of foreign goods in the year 

 18:S9. And in this connection, remember that the 

 duty on American flour in English ports, on the 15th 

 of April, 1810, was two dollars and fifiy cents per 

 barrel. This is more than the flour is worth in the 

 wheat growing sections of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, 

 and Illinois. Shall our own agricultural interest have 

 no countervailing protection ? We imported, last 

 year, twenty-one millions of s!!k.o, dutyfree. Sup- 

 pose, instead of sending abroad twenty-one millions 

 of specie, or its equivalent, to pay for these silks, we 

 had manufactured that amount more of goods at home, 

 at least ten millions of provisions, in <uie shape and 

 another, would have been consumed in the operation; 

 and all the profits of the manufacturers, the producers 

 of the raw material, mechanic labor, and the food 

 consumed by all, would have enriched our own citi- 

 zens. 



Our mechanics, such as shoemakers, blacksmiths, 

 carpenters, tailors, and the like, have a deep interest 

 in the encouragement and protection of domestic 

 manufactures. Indeed their interests are the same 

 with nearly all other classes, who must depend on tlie 

 productive industry of the country for their own indi- 

 vidual prosperity. Hence, tbe great national impor- 

 tance of encouraging, by all suitable means, every 

 man, woman, and child, to be both industrious and 

 economical. Hence our republican family should not 

 so disgrace themselves as to madly run into debt to 

 Europe 157 millions a year, for worthless aristocratic 

 finery, and then have one half of the property in the 

 Union sold under the hammer to foot the bill. All 

 sensible men should insist on an effectual protective 



tarifl', that shall cut uff this disastrous extravagance. 

 If the rich will have one bundled milhons worth of 

 silks, wines, and tbe like, from abroad, let them pay 

 into the national treasury at least forty millions, which 

 can be well expended as a common school fund, as has 

 been done with the surplus belonging to the Stale ol 

 New-York. This will be a tax upon luxury for tho 

 benefit of education, general science, and intelligence. 



Fiom the yeKEngland Farmer. 



First Manufacture of Beet Sugar in New 

 England. 



The subjoined communication has been some time 

 held in reserve; under the expectation that we should 

 have been sooner prepared to make a full report on 

 the subject of Beet sugar. As that is now necessarily 

 postponed, we give it as an interesting account and 

 memento of the first attempt made, in New England, 

 to nianulacture Beet Sugar. The sugar produced was 

 much of It of a very good quality. We know the 

 communication will be received with pleasure. We 

 have at this moment no time for farther remark. 



May -M, If-lO. H, C. 



Rkv, Henry Colman — Sir — In compliance with 

 your request, 1 hand you herewith a description of the 

 process pursued by Mr. George A. Perkins and my- 

 self, in monufacturing the beet root sugar, of which I 

 gave you a specimen in the autumn. 



The beets raised by me the last season, are the vari- 

 ety known as the Whitg Silesian, yielding a light 

 cream colored pulp, and recommended, both by 

 Achard and Dombasle, as the best and most produc- 

 tive. 



The first process to which we subjected our beets 

 was cleaning. This we effected by scraping with 

 knives, which is, however, a long and tedious opera- 

 tion, and we are inclined to give the preference to 

 washing in wooden cylinders, which would be a great 

 saving of labor, where a sufficient supply of water 

 could be obtained. 



Tbe machine used for rasping the beets, was the 

 common grater cider mill, upon which we have made 

 a slight improvement, by inserting several rows of 

 teeth upon the face of the cylinder, by means of which 

 we obtain the pulp in a finer state; and with an iron 

 screw press, which we substitute for the lever we at 

 first used, have extracted 55 per cent, of juice, instead 

 of 35, which was our first maximum. Above the cy- 

 linder of the rasp is fixed a deep wooden hopper, of 

 sufficient size to admit the largest beet, each one of 

 which is held and pressed on by hand separately. The 

 rasp is turned also by band, the labur of which is ren- 

 dered comparatively light, by affixing the handle to 

 the centre of a large wheel, fiUr feet in diameter, over 

 which runs a band drawn tiglily into a drum or pulley 

 upon the axis of the rasping cylinder. The pulp falls 

 into a box beneath, whence it is taken byshovelsard 

 turned into the bags, which are made of strong Rut- 

 sia duck. Those which we use are 18 inches long 

 and 12 inches wide, containing about 10 pounds of 

 pulp, and when taken from the pi ess are not more than 

 half an inch in thickness. The manner of folding 

 them, by turning down tbe two upper corners and lap- 

 ping over the whole, is similar to that practised in ex- 

 pressing oil. In our experiments we generally press 

 five bags (say 50 lbs. of pulp) at a time, the bags be- 

 ing separated from each other by boards, instead of 

 hurdles. From 4 bushels of beets we obtain about 

 10 gallons of juice, which has ordinarily yielded us 8 

 lbs. of sugar. 



Having poured the juice into the boiler, a common 

 brass kettle, containing 15 gallons, set in brick work 

 over a furnace, we immediately kindle tbe fire, and 't^ 

 juice being heated to 180° of Farenheit, pour into iWr 

 cieam of lime, formed by dissolving two ounces of 

 lime into a small portion of warm water, and stir it 

 cmstnntly for the space of fifteen minutes. Then in- 

 crease the fire until the juice reaches the point of ebul- 

 lition, when we pour from a pitcher a portion of tbe 

 juice, reserved for the purpose, upon any bubbles 

 which may show themselves, for the space of thirty 

 minutes. The entire surface of the boiler being now 

 covered with foam, extinguish the fire by throwing in- 

 to the furnace a pitcher or two of water, permitting 

 the juice to remain undisturbed, until it deposits a sed- 

 iment and becomes clear, which it wdl generally do in 

 the space of two or three hours. This process is cal- 

 led defecation of the juice. 



The next step is to concentrate it. When the juice 

 has become perfectly clear and limpid, but not before, 

 we draw it off by means of a syphon, leaving in the 

 bottom of a boiler a black aroiic matter, which was 

 precipitated with the molate of lime. Should the 

 juice have undergone any alteration by an excess of the 

 use of lime, it will be necessary to neutralize it by 



