b'2 



THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, 



Vol. 2. 



Ptar Trees. 



We find p or trees in lees demand tban nlmosi nny 

 other article in the nursery. Wbyehonld this be bo ? 

 Tue pear >s one of our most deliuious fruits; though 

 from the ac-arcity of trees in the country, it is not im- 

 probable that many cultivators have never tasted the 

 better kinds. 



As an excuse fur negleciin? the pear tree however, 

 we have often heard it said, " they are si long before 

 Ihey b gin to bear." Now this is the very reason why 

 they should be p'anted without delay — why no time 

 thoiild be lost. 



The re nark hiwcvcr, isonly true inpart. Some pear 

 trees indeed, like the Berganitit, require much tin e to I 

 gel ready: but others, like the Julienne, np|iear to 

 come into henring as sion as the apple tree ; and this 

 trait of chancier is ccrtniidy of nu lets importance 

 than the color or the size of the fruit, which pomolo- 

 gists are always so careful to mention. If the time 

 required by each kind to come into bearing, was gene- 

 rally known, uurchasers of young trees could be much 

 better acco.nmolate I. Djlicious sorts would in all cn- 

 Ks be wonle I, but we could well afTird to wait seve- 

 ral years for the Summer Rose, the Rousselelte de 

 Rheims, or the Belle et Bonne, to grow large and get 

 ready, when Williams' Bin Chretien, the Summer 

 Frankreal, or the Bloodgood, were bearing in the 

 mean time. Of 81 sorts noticed by Manning in his 

 " B ok of Fruits," 17 are mentioned that ** come ear- 

 ly into bearing," though several belonging to thin 

 class, he lias n it marked; nn 1 nt this time we have in 

 the nursery, many trees of the Julienne, not more than 

 liz or seven feet high, in full flower. Grafts of tbio 

 Tariety, of the Cusbing, of the Johunnot, &c. set ujj 

 on old stocks, bore in two years. 



The pear is one of our hardiest fruit trees; and so 

 far as our observations have extended, it is neither 

 subject to the attacks of the caterpillar, nor the borer. 

 Sime perish h.iwever, with \.he firc-bliglu; but it 

 should n It be allowed. The owner has as much right 

 to complain of bad luck when he stands by while his 

 cattle are destroying his youitg trees, as he has when 

 he stands idle, wi'.hout reaching forth a hand, while 

 Scolijtiia pyri destroys his old trees. Possibly howev- 

 er, tuere are two kinds of lire blight; but be this as it 

 may, many of our trees have stood more than twenty 

 years, without any losses of eonoCiiuence, though the 

 fire-blight lias been several times amongst ihem, — ow 

 ing en;irely as we believe, to this circumstance: we 

 htce cut tijf tltc dtfi/iif limb, and burnt il witbout 

 delay. t 



Uipeiiiug of Pears. 



After select ng the article on this subject from the 

 G J,r duller^ s C'Lroiticlc, which appeared in our last 

 nunber, we brought two kinds of pears from the cel- 

 lor, wliere they hid reinainud all winter as hard as 

 when they were taken from the tree, and placed them 

 in a warm room. In about ten dnys, one sort which 

 had been as green as grass, changed 1 1 a golden yel- 

 low, an 1 became nudting nn\ delicious. An accideru 

 has prevented us from giving the name. Tue other 

 sort als 1 softened soon after, and was coneide ed Hue; 

 but it is clearly a misnomer. 



In Winters past we have bad several kinds of pear.- 

 in the cellar, that eit'ier rotted or were thrown to the 

 pigs in th-i spring, which wo are now satisflcd would 

 haT« ripened in a warm room. t 



of the goad jly or gad-fly, eo often seen on the bucks 

 of cattle ill summer, the scientific name of which is 

 Oestrus bocis, or the Ox-stingrr. The eggs are depo- 

 sited in the tkin, and the larvai produce considerable 

 swellings on the backs and sides of cattle. They ir- 

 ritate the flesh, and beeom>. n disense, often painful, 

 weakening, and emaciating to the animal. Tlicre is 

 not any pmevticcnf their depn datione, or any remedy 

 for their action, wbich has fallen under my eye. Tbcir 

 eflectsare much more powerful upon poorer and weak- 

 er cattle, and perhaps their eggs arc laid with grea er 

 ease in tuch animals, or that they may meet with less 

 resistance fiom weaker cntde. Ifsurb is the fact, the 

 farmer will find th'' grand prcrmtirc in the good 

 stren:;lh and power of the animnl, and the bist remedy 

 in the good keeping and consequent vigor of his cat- 

 tle. Let him not tcinler any inferior animals, eilbei 

 of cattle or sheep, as both tbrse stem more subject to 

 surt'er ng from the larva; peculiar to tbi m. 



Rochcsler, May, 1841. C. DEWEY. 



For Iht ^tt£ Genesee Farmer. 



" Grabs in Cattle." 



Messrs. Editors — Perhaps yourcorrcspondent, M-. 

 Mi ler of Ohio, will find a satisfactory answer to hi.- 

 inquiries on the above subject, in the remarks on "Bits 

 and Horse B es," in the last two numbers of the Far 

 mxr. Il it well kiiswa ibat \iieee s' ul>a are the larva 



From the j\ew England Farmer. 

 How can Farmin^r be made Piolitublcl-" 

 ^ubxoil Ploiighin{;. 



Letter of E. Pliiiiney, Esii. to A. iliiioiiigton, Esq , puh- 

 lislirl ill the rraii:j..c.iutis uf llie Es&ei AgncuKunil bu- 

 ciety, l!:40. 



A. IJe.NTi.NGTON, Esq — Deor Sir — The question is 

 often asked, i low can fanning be niade jirohioble ? 

 1 answer, by liberal ninnuiiiig, deep and thorough 

 [jltiiighing. and clean cuiiuie. I wdl \eiitiire to iit- 

 liiin, without fear of ciiniradietion, that no instance 

 Clin be cited, where a fiiriiier who has nianuied his 

 grounds highly, niiide a judicious use of the plough, 

 anrt ciiliivaled with cine, has failed to receive an oni- 

 ple reitiuiieioiion fir the amount invented — noy more, 

 that has not received a greater advance upon his out. 

 lay iliaii the oveiage profit derived from any other 

 busiiieos. One great Oifficuliy ie, ihoi. most Inin-.eis 

 seem not to be aware of the fuet, that t'^e eveater the 

 outlay, to a rea^oiiiible extent, when skilfully npplieri, 

 the greater will be the profit; they therefore ninnuie 

 .-pariiitrly, plough shallow, and the couteqiienee is, 

 get puoily paid for their litbor Th'S has raiteii a pre- 

 judice and given a disrelish to the liusiuet^s of farming, 

 e-pecially among those who are in the habit and aie 

 dcoirousof realizing something moie from their occu- 

 pation ilian a iioked letii n of the oinount <xpeiided 



The larmei who is si s.iarnig of his manure tb'iihe 

 cnii get but thirty bu hels of corn fiom an ncie. geio 

 barely enough to pay him f >r the eX| eiise of cultiva- 

 tion; end in oddition to thie, by the ordiiiaiy method 

 of ploughing. Ins field, at each sucte.^Mve lotation, l^ 

 deteriorating, his crops becoming lets, nnd in a few 

 years lie finds be must abandon his exbaii.-ted nnd 

 Mtrn out fields, to seek a fcubsit-tence for hinitelf nnd 

 fHimly in some other biir-iness, or in smiie other leg on. 

 where the bond of man has been less wasteful of the 

 bounties of naluie. 



Instead thiMi of his senmy manuring often cnrl load? 

 to the acre, which will gi\e liiiii but thirty bll^heldot 

 corn, let liiin apply tlii ty loads. This ndditionid 

 iweniy louilt, at the utual pi Ice of mnnure in Ibis part 

 of the countiy, wiM cori bim thirty dolhils. But be 

 now, instead of thirty bushels of ciirn. gels sixiy buth- 

 els, and the increased qmtiuity oi tiover wid mo e 

 than pay tor the excess of labor reipii ed in i-ultiva 

 uwj, and barve.-ting the large crop over tbni of the 

 smalt one He has then added thirty busbeis of coin 

 to hiB crop by means of meniy loads ol nianuie, which 

 at the usual price of one dollar per besbel, p»\s bmi 

 111 tbe first crop fir bid extra oiitbiy. Hisncteof lond 

 is laid to gra s after taking ofi'tbe co-ii, nnd the effeci 

 of bis twenty lo-ids of nddiuonnl ninnuring. will be lo 

 give bim. 111 the lovvest estimate, vbiec nddiiionnl lont- 

 of h'ly in the three first years of mowing ii, wor^h 

 liiteen dollars a ton standing in ihe field. Now look 

 at the rei-ult. Mis thirty dollars expended lor extra 

 iminiiiing was paid (or in tbe first year's crop, and at 

 the end of' three years more he w-ill have received 

 :orty-five ilollnrs profit on his outlay of thirty dollars: 

 ■iiid in addition to this, his land is improved, and in 

 niiich bet er condition for a second roiotion. Tlieie 

 IS no delusion in this. It is a practical eeiilt, nt tbe 

 reality ot whieb any farnie niny satisfy himself', who 

 will take the tiouble to try the experiment. 



From no item of outlays con ibe fiirmer derive fo 

 am, lie and so c.rliiin a proili, as from his expi'iidiiuus 

 tor mnnure to a eeriiiin extent. This has Icii mobt 

 slrikini;ly vvitUvd by »oui« of our West Ciunbridge 



larniers. It is not uncoirimen ;imong soac of iLe 

 farmers in thot town, lo put on their gioiinds one hun- 

 dred dollars' woith of manure to tbe i cie, nnd in n oie 

 iustaneia than one, tbe gross salet, of produce ti' m 

 ten acres under the pitiujih, have amounted lo five 

 ihouuiind dollais in one season. This is the reeuli of 

 high ninniiiing nnd judicious cult vniii.n of a toil 

 too which is exceedingly poor and snndy. 



The subject ot sulisoil 1 1 ugh ng is one upon which 

 ihere has been little snid, and Itss done, in llli^ part of 

 tbe country. In nil our grounds, ixiipi ibot-e whiih 

 are very loose and tnndy. iheie is no doubt iljnt gicat 

 benefit would be derived fii in ibe u^e of ihe si.bfOtl 

 plough- In England, the efli ct of ^ub,-oil j^loi t^'ig 

 .11 incieosing their crops, as i-taicd h> tome ngncuhu- 

 ral wriiers, would teem almost inctediblc. By this 

 menus, the crops in tlint countiy hn\c hem doubled, 

 and in n any instances trebled. The expi use howev- 

 er, is Slated to be veiy grtat — so gieal, os to lie in yi nd 

 the means of most of our lainiere. In one ease the 

 • x; ense ot tubsoil I'loughingon a faim ol over fi\c 

 iiiindied acres, was rstiniated by the owner to cott the 

 enormous sum of ibiitien bundiid pounds Blerlipg. 

 This caleulntion took into coiiBirierotion the ll^e ol the 

 lieavy Deaston plough, which always required lour, 

 and in some Btiif clajs. six borBes to work it. 1 om 

 aware that an implement nogbt tie constiucied, which 

 Ihoiigb it might not do the busirets quite so well, 

 could, nevertbeliss, be made highly liinelic:al in the 

 hniidb of our farmers, and obiniiied nt n fiir lets cott, 

 I am informed llint M"-. Botson, of ibe Yniitee Fnini- 

 er, has, with a h gbly prnii-e-wortby ut\\ in the inter- 

 est of agriculture, imported from England a sulisoil 

 plough, which iiiny be woiktd with .. le^B poweiful 

 team ti an the one cunimonly in use in that country. 



In a cliinnte like our own, which at that siatonof 

 ihe year when our iro] s, pnnicidaily our rooi crops, 

 most iieeO tbe tienefil of inoisiuie that may be demed 

 ironi deep ploiigbing, and aie most likely to fufler 

 trom drought, the Use of tbe Bubsoil ploigh would be 

 iiltended wiib nnquestionuble btntfii. On a l.eld o. 

 my own, «bich hnd been set to nnoicl.oid, nnd tbeie- 

 liire kept under tbe plough lor some vears. in ntiiuip- 

 iing to underdiain a part of it ihnt wns usually fluoded 

 by water in tbe spring of tbe year, 1 noticed « bat the 

 English call the " upper ciust." This lay some inch- 

 es below tbe snifnee, at the depth to which tbe tnnd 

 lind been u.sunl y ploughed, formed by the trending of 

 ilie o.xeii nnd tlie niovinieiiis of tbe ploi gb over t. 

 This 1 found to be so hord ns to be njipan nt y ns im- 

 1 eneiiuhle by the rods as a pitee of niaible. and dis- 

 covered to me at once the cause of tbe Ihiluie, in a 

 urtht nunsuie, of n.y crop of potatoes the veer before. 

 Having discoveied what 1 supposed to be ibe cai.se of 

 the taifuie, 1 eel about devis.ng mta.-urcE to remedy iu 



I hove never seen a siibsiul pboigb. llieie never bav. 

 mg been one Been or made in ibis pnit ot the lountiy. 

 I consulted my ingenious friends. Messis. Pioiiiy & 

 Miars, nnd, ut my request, lliey made an intiiiin.eni 

 ol veiy cheap ni d simple eonsiriiclion, eoiisisimg of a 

 wooden hi am, about ibree incbes tqmne, nnd llneo 

 I'eetlontr, with ihue tines or teeth ol lie eomii on cul- 

 tivator, placed 111 a direct line in the beiim, extending 

 nliout eight inches lielow lie benni; lo this bandhs 

 were attached similar to the bnncl sofa plough. On 

 iiying this by runii ng alter ti.e iliiU plough, I loui.d, 

 in my haul stony subsoil, ii was quite inndiquuie to the 

 business, bein:; tmi li^bt nnd ol iiisefhcieiit stienglh. 

 I iliin bad one eoiisiiucied of siniilni plnn. but niiich 

 heavier nnd siionger. The beam five feet long, six 

 incbes square, of white ouk, well iioned, with il.rie 

 tines in neaily a right line, ninde of the beti Swedes 

 iion. one and a half inebes squnie, cxundiiig twelve 

 inches below the lu am, with a spur nt the loot, si me 

 IciS ilian that o( the tine ol ihe ciiltivnior, wiin strong 

 hninilesnnd an non beam exieiidiiig lioiii inch lirnd 

 to the eeiitie of the 1 enni, by vvhicb tl e balniiee is ea- ; 

 sdy pri served. This iinpleiiKnt, diawn by two Jik*', 

 ot oxen, lollowid tbe drill ploimh m getting in carrots, 

 ni d peiloiii.ed the woik l.eiiii ilinii 1 I nd nniieij nied. : 

 The ** iqiper ci ii t"' gave wnj , tbe rt a sinnce ninde by 

 ihe bind gravelly boi torn and smaller stones was n ad\., I 

 ly overcome. The enrth was loosened in most placta ( 

 twelve or fi'urtein incbisfroni tbe sui lace, and though ] 

 not BO tf'oroujbly piilveiized ns it piobnbly would 

 biive been by n peilict tutisod plough, yet, in my very 

 b ird. stony subsoil, I am i' elm- d n> bilieve, tbat lor 

 simp'e drill hu>bnniliy, this will be baind to ben valu- 

 able sulistiuile for tbe English siibsuil plougli. And 

 CO- sidering the small pi.c; of tbe iniplen ent, nnd ihe 

 gieater i ase vviib wbieb it is vvoikid, il:e Irict'on be- 

 ing much Icrsened f»y dispelling with tl e sole, 1 shall 

 i-oniinueto u.-e ltd- iiitil I cnii find n teller. A pnrt 

 ol my croi of cairo s was sowed i!;.on the same bniu 

 opproprioteU lor that erop lau y«flr; no note maiiura 



