iro 



THE NEW GEXESEE FARMER, 



Vol. 2 



ill i!iiir viu\v3, SKmecnlllni ii " ilie insei-i," uithoui 

 ivir lliinking or inqiirrni; wbcibur llic-ic ore iwo ; 

 "iliers deecrihiiig wLat is iin>|iiectionnbly lli.; Hiesiiiii 

 lly umlur the iinme of ihe '• wheni ivorin," wuliou; 

 kmnviii!; wiieiliiT the worm bccaiRc nil iiHcc:, dimJ 

 Binii.' vice versa ; wUile tome arc igiioraui euoui/ii, 

 Hii i ilicy nrc in very ianilcd immlicr, lo c'liijiiiiil ii 

 wail n ejlojiti'Diis insocl ot' ibo bci-ile iiibe, known 

 nl lb': s.iulb lis ibe weevil, which iiifi s;s ihe {jraiicry 

 niul ihe hirn, — I hnvo wisliet! myself ciuoniol.igisi 

 r:i.)U4h to ilcycrilie iiii.-dc-preJinor nr ileprodulors ; mid 

 1ft mtuic iii.|iiir.TS icl] wlieilier the descriptions cnii' 

 I e fo reconcile I lis til niokc tbcin either co;;eneric or 

 i.lentieni, but ns I «m not, nixi like nil other men nre 

 linj.iilic'Hl in lavor of my own opinions, tho aiieinpt 

 will iiiily be an iipproxiumt on to the triub. It i.i ne- 

 le sury i)rc_mnrk tb:it the IJe.-siaii lly, (Cec.idomijm 

 dtslnicUr- u< Kirliy.) is tlicnr.ly n;ii; known sniih o! 

 Iniitiid.- 40". It is n singnlnr ln^!t, tcmliii^ to the l-s 

 iiiljiisb iicnt of tlic iilfirmative "f th!:< quesiun, tiiiit the 

 ll.'Sjrin (iy nnd Lie wbcnt worm in ihi; same stage of 

 tb^ir existeneo, nrc preycJ niion by u pirns. lit: in«ec-t 

 of the order Ili/mr.nojitera. {f nir winy«d,) belong. ii,' 

 to the genus C'er^ip/imn of L-nrirllr : " This is iVu- 

 rpijiuiy taken for the wheat fly or Hc'sinn llv, fiotn 

 i.ic c-K*;iiii-^linoe of its being frequently found in vai^t 

 mill i,T- diirini» tnc (isvastai:ons coriiii,tt»d l^y lli.it 

 iin'ct. .i:id ninny have been doceivciniy t c specious 

 r i.ii iist:inLe ol its ovolution from the pupa of the 

 H '^s nn 11/ under their own eye ;" when in triuh it 

 u ili.i tinly proti'ctor we liiive Irom the titnl desiiiic- 

 lion ol our wheat hy the rnjiid increase of tiio fly. .-ind 

 beioniTj to that v,nt class of insects in.;l;i lid liy Lin- 

 ineus uiiJiT tb.' name ol l.-lme .inon ; I is i.isr,-t dc- 

 p i-jiw nereS4s in the larva of the ilcssi'in .ly. throiiijii 

 II p iii'nnre made by lier nriue oviduct in -.ho sioiii of 

 the wheat : and i;iis puncture has p;ivert rise to the 

 o.iinion, an i in fact furnished the wbolt !;r omd hr it, 

 th-'.t .he H ■is'inn (1/ piercis the wbi nisiolk lor tbopiir- 

 p >5e nt depositing Its e;;2 in the manner 1 have eii- 

 di'.av.irud t.i d.-!iue-ue in I'le ali.ive tit»urr, when it is 

 the inva iulde evidenee of the ihstruetioii of tiie lly, 

 iinl of tliebirib of its d.-adliest fo'j : and ibindcel a 

 w.inlsrfii: .lispiay ol tlial inninctive fiiculiy by which 

 ilie goniij Cr.r.iphr '11 is enabled to find the true place 

 (■1 deoiisit. wiier*' h.. r youn^. protof.ed hy t'ic indura- 

 ted cov.jrin.; of the liy in its pupa or n:i.\5jed (.[.iie, 

 fee U s.'imrfly until thu Intler is killed. If the wea.li- 

 cr happens to he nnfavimble to ih> Ichneumon, or if 

 any o;ber caiHC prevents its cIVeetin? this o,ierntion at 

 the luo er period, the following eeasui is always n 

 dreadfii! one to the wheat ^rnwe ■, ns tiie lly upon an 

 avo-n^e has ah >iil eight or ten vounj;, whose rnvngv^s 

 ovr the whole ("ace of the wheat irrowini; region nre 

 CO 11 iii'nsiraie with their in. MTased n.inihcrs. 



In ihe British h'ariner's Mieazine, vol. ", p. -193, 

 we ui« t il that the /(rnj of the (',;ci<liimyit iriticu, 

 th) n.k:iow'e.hoii whent fly of \uw.K.n^'and, nre 

 pi'Vel upon !y the Ceiaphni. an iehneii ii-m flv, 

 which d.'pi'S'ts It eg'ja in the bidy of the larva" of the 

 wiioit lly. " 1 could nit iScterminc," eays the very 

 iinMra'.c aif.h ir of that article, " whether it actually 

 d.-^j i^in its e^i; ill the in iirii'it's body , hat there can 

 be nid oih: of tb'i Ichu'^.i.ii 111 piercin;; the innjrr.it 

 wi;h a dtiiig ; and from slini»ing tl^n same mnL'<X'>- re- 

 p.'a ed;y, it is pr.ilmhle the Hy deliuh's tn de^tiMy llie 

 iin^i; >t.^, n^ well ns to deposit e^cjs in their bidies.'' 

 W'j sli ill see presently that the Uce of the worila liimi 

 nn I midgut in the above e.x'.rnct, indicate R-.roii^ly, 

 ih'il if tie writer has not the Ilessiim P.v liif.ire him, 

 he his anv thin-^ but the whent inirni ol New Kng- 

 land ; an I he us s tlio terms " Cccidomyia hilliui" 

 in the s-imo sentence. 



1 think myself fully jiislilleil in nsrertins, that the 

 piricture su'oftcn n!i<»c?rved in the wlionl s'.alk ie made 

 only by the Ichnotinnn, because 1 i.nvc fieqiientlv 

 b^/ai Willi Thinias S'ly. when pursuing li's invesii^a- 

 lions upon thi.i iiv^rin, and have B"en ond nsiisted in 

 flrlppiny down the gliinie or leaf ol the wheal slalk, 

 exaroii ing the dead or punctured lurvn, and the living 

 'Cernphron ; ond the circnni'.innce furnishes nddiiion- 

 u' testimony to ibe truih of Maiu: »rktt.\ Mouiiim' 

 tliscovery, that the Hy de.io.iit^ its I'ii'j. on or i:i the 

 L'l'a II. and not in the -talk, hseenia indeed impoifsi- 

 b'e that the Hes-iiaii Hy should effect the latler obj;'ct 

 with lilt piinciuring the str.ik or strippiiia down the 

 leaf; hut it is not so clear nn inipmsibiliiy that il 

 nhiiild be lain in the root Wbe-.h-^r laid on the ker- 

 nel or in the rout, it must have grov.-n with thewrnwih 

 of the plant : and if in the latter, it will probably he 

 louiid more difficult to provide n remedy. If the Hes- 

 sian Hy nnd wiieat lly biith deposit their e22s on the 

 grain, it shows that some of their habits nre similar, 

 and that the ova most probaMv passes through thi> 

 same proiress in its trnn.^formniioiis. 



1 frankly neki\owle;lgo tli.ii Mir^arettn Morri~' ob- 



servations leceived no favur in my eyes. I tlioughi 

 It so well neceriaiiK'd thai ilic Ilesaiaii Hy deposited 

 116 egg in the ftnik or culm, tlint her coneliisions nx 

 cited rid culc rather than conviction Having lieen 

 so imieb in the coinpany of Say, and having relied so 

 much upon bis nceiirote habits of iiivebtigation, my 

 fiiiili was not to be fbnkcii hy n wnmnii : but it is not 

 too f.rnl lime men have been compellid lo yield to the 

 other 8o.<c : >mJ the priiicipul ddli'iilcy that remuiiia 

 is. Ilia! ihe liessian fly ha-, not be;n seen in the state 

 of n w.irm, nor ihe wheat liy in ibefia it or culm, by 

 any person who is willii g to become voucher for the 

 fact. Tlic insect, whose operiitn'iis she wntclud eo 

 atientive^y. niuy therefore have been tbc Cccidomyia 

 triiica. which, 't is notoriously the opinion o| nil New 

 England, deposiis its egg nn or in the berry ; nnd 

 then, " crvdutj'itletfs oppr.lhi^ mnke? its ne.\i appear- 

 ance in the sliajic of looir, th-.n infusoria, 'heir bodies, 

 in the enrliestslage gi liilinous, semi-transparent, hoiii- 

 ogenuiis, cintroctile, without verlehra, iir rndioted 

 tenincnta, feeding in the beriy until it is all eaten. — 

 While on the coiuaiy, the Hes-iian ILy in all its earli- 

 er st.igis is found Within the slalk ; its larva when 

 first produced f oin tbc ova, is white, its tail very ncele, 

 and abruptly attenuated, the bend incurved ; the up 

 per euifaee of the body e.\hi''iting a glassy or bycljiic 

 aspect, Aitli an internal viscera like a greenish line : 

 uiiderncaih it shows thick while clouds, which ns ii 

 udvaiiees to the pupa or flaxseed sinte, beeioiies united 

 so ns to exhibit regular transverse segmenis ; when tn- 

 ken from it? enrly moinl-riinaceous covr-iiog it seems 

 perfectly inert ; but when the pupa isadvano'd tii its 

 lull stature, anrl assiiines a dark reddish brown color, 

 like Ha.v seed, with its jointed covering firmly knit to- 

 tieiher, I have kno-.vii it tn sinrt and roil over several 

 times on being reniovtd friimjhc wheat stalk. If the 

 oneci who=ohnhit3 were thus wnichird hy Margaretta 

 M iri'i, was observe by her from the time of deposi- 

 tiiiir i:5 eg2 niitd it became n Invva in the cii/ni or 

 stiitli, or if its progress was marked from the latier 

 s-.ate until ihe e^g was depos.ted on the berry, so ns 

 lo.siy Willi certainty that it was depojiied by the same 

 insect that was hatched from the larva that occupied 

 the culm, th n I think the identity of the two is pla- 

 ced aliiiorjt bevond controversy. It n plain that the 

 writer in the Critish Migazine could not have npplied 

 ilie teims m'/ggo( ond liirra to Ibe \vorins described 

 hy Judge iluel. 



We have now arrived at what seems an insuperable 

 impediment to recognizing the two insects ns congen- 

 eric, vii.: the birth from the ova, of a living active 

 worm in the one cu^e. n.ul of nn inert vnrieSra'.ed lar- 

 va in the other ; nnd I inu-l be permitted here to 

 make the remark, with perfect deference to the judg- 

 ment, the aeourate observation and excellent inteniion 

 of that Eieat and good man, Judge IJuel, that he has 

 hivaely euitribnied to ciroalite erroneous views upon 

 this important subject. In looking over the e.irly vol- 

 ■imtsof the thilliva'or, I find all bis inforinaiioii co- 

 lived from othc'.s ; m.ist of it irom Ijiit'sli w.-iicrs, 

 and some from very in.Tecuvate cnnesponden's — not 

 one eyll.abl.; from n iiinn of scientific investigations — 

 In vol I, p. 8-, he cons'dcrs the wheat »/r.'i/-.7t a^i ovi- 

 parous : a ltd even goes so far as lo disji tci'iee.vist 

 ene.! of njlif altOL'clher, giving from anthontics near- 

 ly lorty Veaishack, drawings of the full grown worm, 

 in the very act of laying its egas within the kerne! of 

 ihe wdirnt where it bad niiaincd maturity. The whole 

 ol tlii^ nrticle eommemling nnd adopting n repoit to 

 t^ime F.nglsh S icieiy. said lo be from the p'^n of Air. 

 Haner. 1:5 evideiiilv a I ibore I elVort, not to identify the 

 whent_//i/ ni- Ccculoniij'ui tritlfui. (whose existence is 

 disputed,) with the insect then makingsuch di.-nstrous 

 displays of its power; but to show thai the injury 

 was not to be iinnuted to any thing belonging to the 

 ela.""! inseil'i. Thnt the Judge was soon obliged to 

 m.idify this npininn i^ manifest from the siibscqueni 

 numbers of the .^aiee vol p. 11."), wdicrc he confouiid- 

 it, throush the agency of a eorrespoiideni. willi the 

 weevil ; and m vol. o. p Ooi he nd nils it to he n 

 sii'iffhrown ftji, and says it is .« iiiliIiiics fonf:iundal 

 iriili tiu: lOcatiL ; and liiially on p. 1I-", he arrives nl 

 ihe name c.incliieion a.5 other nalurnli&t?. iind makes it 

 a Fi.v, depositing lis eirgs on the wheat, but dropping 

 when in the pupa state upon the jironiid where it re 

 main.* during ihe winter. As all ihe prevalent ii i- 

 tions of the wheat worm deriving its existence fioiii 

 the wdieat /?!/, hnveorieinated from thisoreoniecqual- 

 ly loose fonndalion, without nnv necnrntc or properly 

 at'iheiiticated invi-Htiiiati'.ii, I shut! take the libcrtv of 

 Mi/i^iHg mat the whe.at worm is the J-s'cii/s pnnul'ir- 

 ills, which 8 said t" have been so dertrueiive in Scot- 

 Imd in the year IS:!!), (Conntry Times, May 17. 

 I8H0 ) I place nl! the JHej Hint infest the wheat, if 

 indeed there nrc leo'C tlom one, under the order Dip 

 Ura, .Mr. Bauer (and Judgo'Kuol endorses his opin- 



ion) call.i bis worm the lUrio Irilica, which in plain 

 twiglisb, nieknsu jiij viiraimg or ijuiccring orer ihc 

 wlieiit, — ond nt the same tune fiinusbes a plate of a 

 leumi laying iis egg ni th" grnin. nnd sunoiinded by 

 its young brood, ns discribed In the figure ; ibe JuJue 

 niituinily enough adopting the figureaiid njectiiig thn 

 I. aim cautions bis readers ngaiiiet the opinion »1 a jitj 

 oiiginaiing 80 much mischief nnd argues in favor of 

 the worm. 



Hut ilio whole argument derived from the deposit 

 of larva in the <uie ca^c, nnd of a living animate be- 

 ing in the other, may be put on the debtor side of our 

 prohl and loss account, when we know that iheie aro 

 a considerable number of insects ol the order Dijitcra, 

 nnd a large^iuniber of the Vibrio, that are ovipnruiis 

 and vivijinious in the same singe or period of ihcir ex- 

 istence, i. c. they produce young ones alive ill the 

 ■^prii-n", anil then lay eggs till autumn Wbi.-ther the 

 tlessian Hy or the wlieut fly possess this power, 1 nm 

 not nntuinhfi enough lo decide ; ibat ihiy neither of 

 ihem produce living nnininted contiactile trorvis, \ 

 am fully satisfied, ns well fioni nil the iinnlogiesol nn- 

 tiire as from the writings of those who lavor euch nn 

 opinion in the columns of iht- Ciiltivnior. They have 

 lind no more success in eoiivinciiig iiic of such nn 

 opini^.n, than they ivonld have bad il they bod trnced 

 the geiiL-aKiiiy of the House of Haiisburgh — or the 

 transo illation of wheal nnd chess to the same source. 

 When the two insects attain what is called ibe pcilect 

 or 11 • state, they are so exactly simdar that 1 amnt n 

 loss to make the necessary di8linctii>n3 ; and if there 

 is any, it piobnbly arises Irom the one lieiiig baicbed 

 from tlie ova an I larva in the grnin i>t' liie wheal the 

 same sens.m, nnd the Jiither remaining over the win- 

 ter, and growing with the wheat stalk. The f. Mow- 

 ing very sigiiili<-ant remark of S.'iv. who bail Kiily's 

 Kntomolnjv before him. is woitli iii'tie.inii iip»iii ibis 

 suhjeci : "When several of them ('iddonii/iii dc- 

 :it urtor) are coiuigiuiiis on the SJine plain, be pie^- 

 f-iire on the body of the larva is itneqml, and Hn inv, 

 quutiiij in the form of the body is the consequence." 



It Is admitted hy nil seienlillc write rs, that in hnth 

 f^tfci^s of the Crcidoniiiiii, ihe aiienna tire filiform, 

 with j'lints suhequnl nnd globulnr : wings inciinihent 

 and hoiiy.oiual, and iirobo.-^cis tnlieiu or moving with 

 a snap ; thiir legs and poiscrs the eame in foiin nnJ 

 numb r. Having myself never seen any but what I 

 thought the same insect, and having no compound 

 microsctipe, but only a small magnifying glus--, my 

 description of the Hessian lly woiil.l of course he not 

 very minute, but the head nnd thorax nrc hlncl; ; wiugs 

 ciliute dark brown, loiigcr than the body ; the abdn- 

 men itself is brown nnd is covered with short hIneU 

 hairs. This rleseription is from the living specimen. 

 Now whnt says Kiiby, who desciibes lioth insects, 

 hiid crtrif ol/ter trriUr wdio undertakes to describe the 

 Oxidiiiiniiii trdira — tnat ilie hcnd nnd thnriix nri! 

 Mack, biidy of a dark orantte line — trinirs brownish, 

 friiifjed leilii ilcndcr hairs, iiiciinibem and borizinilnl : 

 shorter nnd wider ibnii those of ihe Ilessinn fly nnd 

 approaching more lo the sub oval ; the whole in- 

 sect somewhat less ihan the Ileiisian fly. l!e repr.- 

 sentfi il ns having n eiing or jiuncturini: instrument, 

 which we have not yet detccteil in ibc Hcssinn liy, 

 but which il is very probable the latter nl.'D posicsses. 



If I should follow ihe example of Judge Bnel, re- 

 ject the writiii:_'S and ado;u the drawing of the wheat 

 head from Kirhy. it would be very easy to show that 

 eveiy tr.tnn delineated in the wheat is n true /rtir« of 

 a lly ; the joined segnicnls, meinbrannccnis covering, 

 nnd general aspect indicate this very Mioimiy ; and 

 the cireiintstnnce of its being preyed upon by the Ich- 

 neumon, cirroboratcs the opinion. Hoi rciiiii. 



Fnc)irfn7/c, Pti. 7 mo. 3.1, 1811. 



.\gricnltnral Address at Rocliester. 



The AddreFS delivered before the Monroe County 

 Agricultural Society was listened to bv a large nnd 

 evidently highly gratified andiince. Nothivithsinnd- 

 ing the hour waa late, nnd many farmers had a long 

 way to go lo their homes, none seemed to regret the 

 time occupied, or wish it were shorter. At the close 

 it wGs unanimously resolved that n committee be ap- 

 pointed to wnit on the S;ifnker and request a copy of 

 the Address for pnolication. We do not often deem 

 it expedient to occupy our columns with agricultural 

 addresses, but this one cintnins so much imoortant 

 truth, so well ndnptcd to the times, nnd so eloquently 

 expressed, that we think we should do our readers 

 injiietiee by refusinj it n place in the F"arnier. Wa 



