4. 



vVND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 



')3 



"f4(| ttsccrlaiiieJ that there is not n sufiiciont impost 

 S an foreign impoitstinns, lo support tUo Feilcial 

 inient. But if it wns cioiibie thcnmomu it now 

 would nsk whnt proportion of tliis revenue 

 )c paid by the cotton planter ? Does his borc- 

 71'/. liilioirr, who receives hie yearly suit of 

 look cloth, and eats his peck of corn a 

 onsunie any article that pays a duty to govern- 

 I believe there is a single manufaotiiriug 

 J New Knglnnd, which, if eilks were taxed, 

 pay more of the duty on that article, than half 

 >n planters in South Carolina. At the South, 

 ouly consume those articles which pay an im- 

 ty. At the North, and in all the free States, 

 ole- mass of the people, the poor as well as the 

 ntribute in this way to the support of govern- 

 But in the cotton growing States, the great 

 g mass of the population, are of no morepoliti- 

 iocittl account, save in the representation they 

 their masters, than the horses and cattle of the 



have shown, in a former article, that all the 

 shipped from the United States to France in a 

 cor, did not pay for the silks imported from 

 the same year. Is it not therefore a wise poli- 

 ncourage the culture and manufacture of silks 

 wn country, by a moderate impost on the im- 

 article. Would not the South be much more 

 ly employed, if, instead of all cotton, she turn- 

 attention, in part, to silk culture ? Her plan- 

 would not then be so continually desolated by 

 hausting crop; her banks would not then be 

 her planters bankrupt by the low price of cot- 

 je result of over production and consequent 

 1 markets. 



tobacco planters, heretofore so obtuse in rela- 

 the laws of trade, now, quickened by a sudden 

 t into the full extent, at least of their own suf- 

 interests, begin to ask for protection in the 

 of countervailing duties. When our farmers 

 lin of the British Corn Laws, they are answer- 

 the fact, that there is generally as much corn 

 ilse raised in the United Kingdom as will suf- 

 i consumption, and that if foreign corn was ad- 

 . free, it would only lower the price there, to the 

 ating of the raanufacttiiing interest into our 

 successful competitor. 



as tobacco is not indigenous either in England 

 mce, the enormous duty levied on it there se- 

 y lessens its consumption, while it reduces the 

 to the American tobacco grower, without offer- 

 ly boon to European Agriculture, 

 ver there was a time when countervailing du- 

 ight be tolerated, and home productions encour- 

 as indispensible to this nation's social health, that 

 iasnow arrived. For j'ears bock we have paid 

 r surplus imports in United States Bonk shares, 

 stocks, &c. &c. But in the utter failure of all 

 devices, all balances must now be paid in coin, 

 dollar of which we are told will give to the com- 

 ty three dollars of sound paper currency, which 

 can keep up the prices of the real estate of the 

 try in like ratio. S. W. 



Tiausplantiii^ Trees. 



though we gave some directions last season, in 

 ■d to transplanting trees, — yet we feel warranted 

 lling the subject up again on account of its great 

 rtance, and because it is so little understood by 

 y persons who ought to cultivate trees, 

 'hen they are taken np in the nursery, core 

 igh is not commonly taken to guard the roots 

 ist drying or freezing. Oftentimes they are car- 

 mony miles in an open wagon through worm sun- 

 e, without 03 much as a blanket to protect them, 

 perhaps kept a day or two in this state. If the fi- 



brous roots are not all destroyed by such treatment, at 

 least the spovglolcs (tumid ends of the fibres) must 

 be all withered; but frost when it reaches them in this 

 uncovered state, is not less injurious if ihey arc allow- 

 ed to thaw in the open air. Bury ihcni therefore 

 without delay, and keep them so till the frost is all 

 extvactcd. Even peach trees, which are more tender 

 than pears and apples, have survived when planted in 

 a frozen stale. In short, guard them at the time of 

 transplanting from both cold and dryness; and reflect 

 how much a fresh wound through our own skin would 

 suffer from exposure. 



It is not uncommon for a former to determine on 

 planting an orchard, without slopping to consider 

 whether his ground is in a suitable condition, or not. 

 Perhaps it is covered with grass — a meadow or a pas- 

 ture. Holes are then dug just large enough to admit 

 the roots of the trees; and if a prong should project 

 too far, and be too stiff to bend in, a side cut is made 

 for its special accommodation. When the roots arc 

 covered, the job is finished for that season. A friend of 

 ours, three years ago, procured pear trees from our 

 nursery; planted them in the manner we have descri- 

 bed; and the season proving favorable, all of them 

 lived, which however, he had no right to e.\'peet; and 

 they continued to live as he informed us to-day, but 

 with no more growth perhaps than just to keep them 

 alive. Now what has been the result of this course 1 

 All the time since they were planted has been lost in 

 regard to them — the period for gathering their fruit 

 has been deferred ; and the money so invested has pro- 

 duced no interest. 



Ground to be appropriated for an orchard or fruit 

 garden, should be ploughed deep, and rendered per- 

 fectly mellow before the trees are planted out. No 

 better crop can be selected for this purpose, than pota- 

 toes. To those who intend to have things done in the 

 best manner, we would recommend holes of six feet 

 in diameter, and eighteen inches deep; but those who 

 feel as if they could not work in that style, may dig 

 holes four feet in diameter; and then the following di- 

 rections maybe useful:^ 



Lay the rich soil at the side of the hole; but the 

 yellow or sterile subsoil throwback, so as to have it out 

 of the way, and not in danger of mixing with the 

 belter materials. Chip-din, or something similar, 



should be mixed with the earth in filling the hole 



perhaps one-fourth, beginning from the bottom. All 

 trees that we have tried, seem to luxuriate in such a 

 soil. Set them nearly at the same depth as they 

 stood originally in the nursery; but then the earth 

 should be raised about six inches above the level of the 

 ground round the hole, to allow for settling — other- 

 wise the tree in a year or two may stand in a depres- 

 sion. 



It is important to have fino earth to throw amongst 

 the roots, leaving no hollow, but every fibre coming 

 in contact with the soil; and it is a good practice 

 when filling in, to shake the stem from time to time, 

 an inch or so up and down, to let the earth settle in 

 between them. When it is all filled in, press the 

 earth down firmly with the foot. 



There is another way of planting trees that rway do 

 however, when a man has no spade, or is unwilling to 

 use one; and that is, to plough trenches where the 

 rows are to stand. Broad hoes or shovels well worked 

 would soon make the necessary excavation; and the 

 rich mould may be removed into it by the scraper, at 

 the same time taking care not to mix with it the ste- 

 rile subsoil. 



Well, what next ? Why, have every tree fastened 

 to a stake, so that the wind shall not shake it and loo- 

 sen its roots; or by pressing the stem against the earth 

 near the surface, make a hole down which the air can 

 reach them and dry theni. It is seldom, if ever, that 

 a young tree docs well when it is bent about in that 



manner, either by the wind or by the pigs. If the 

 stake is to bo upright, it should be set close to tho 

 stem; and as it might injure the roots if driven in 

 amongst ihem, we prefer driving it before the tree is 

 set, which can then be placed near the stoke without 

 danger. Sometimes however, wo drive the stakes 

 slanting into one side of tho hole, and thus avoid 

 bruising the roots. Slraw bonds are the best for fos- 

 tehing, because if we wrap the bond once round tho 

 stake before the tree is connected with it, it prevents 

 them from chafing. 



When the trees are planted, they are not to be for- 

 gotten. Neither horses, nor cows, nor sheep, must 

 approach them. If hogs are permitted lo range there, 

 first and foremost, tie branches of the sweet brier 

 round every tree as a sign for these animals to keep 

 their distance. Hogs will take hints of this kind, 

 and faithfully observe them. 



Not done yet ? No — we have some more advice to 

 oficr of great importance. Strawy manure from tho 

 stable or barnyard, may be very usefully employed 

 round the trees to stimulate their growth, to keep the 

 ground cool by shading it from the sun, and lo keep 

 it moist by retaining the light showers that fall through 

 the growing season. But this is not all. As often as 

 once a month, the litter should be raked off, and ihe 

 ground round each tree well hoed lo the distance of 

 two or three feet, and to the depth of three or four in- 

 ches. See that the workmen do it faithfully, for 

 some may think an inch is deep enough; and then re- 

 place ihe manure. 



A tree planted and treated in the manner recom- 

 mended is almost sure to grow, if the soil is not work- 

 ed when it is too wet; and will grow many times 

 faster than one that is neglected. Besides it will come 

 much sooner into bearing, and always bear larger and 

 better fruit. t 



Agriculture in Nova Scotia. 



Through the politcntss of the Secretary, Dr. C. C. 

 Hamilton, we have received a paper containing some 

 transactions of the Cornwallis Agricultural Society. 

 We extract the following remarks from the report of 

 a committee on the condition of agriculture, and the 

 best means for its improvement in Nova Scotia: — 



"Your committee do not hesitate to say, that one 

 grand cause, why our agriculture does not occupy 

 that exalted position among us, to which it is entitled, 

 is, the want of intelligence in the fanning population. 



This can only be remedied by the acquisiiion of 

 agricultural knowledge, and its ai)plication lo practi- 

 cal purposes; and your committee would earnestly re- 

 commend the members of our societ}', and others, to 

 peruse the periodicals and standard works devoted to 

 their calling, which can be so cheaply obtained, and 

 which so much abound in interesting and instructive 

 matter to the Fanner. 



In proof of our deficiency in this respect, it may be 

 mentioned, that allhough there are about 450 farms, 

 only 12 agricultural newspapers are taken, throughout 

 this Townchip. The great advantages of intellectual 

 cultivation cannot be loo highly prized, and can only 

 be appreciated by those who enjoy them. Ofailuiher 

 ai t^ and sciences, a thorough knowledge of ihtir pi'in- 

 ciples, is considered indispensable to success; surely 

 the former will not remain inert, ond indifferent, with 

 ample means of information within his reach, and 

 with prospects of a speedy, and adequate reward to 

 animate his exertions. 



Your committee in directing their attention to those 

 sources, from which our Agriculture may be revived 

 and improved, cannot but deeply lament the withhold- 

 ing of Legislative assistance. 



In England, Scotland, France, and the United 

 States, &c., large sums are annually given for the en- 

 couragement of agriculture, and in proportion to the 

 expenditure, has been its rapid advance, in all those 

 countries. Any one conversant with the state of their 

 agriculture, can readily draw the painful contrast.— 

 Your committee having observed ihe spiiil heretofore 

 manifested by the House of Asser.blv, cannot forbear 

 from urging on our members, the neceesily of renewed 

 diligence, in the hope that something moy be occopj. 

 pliehed, ere another seesion shall pass by," 



