io. a. 



AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 



91 



Native Fruits, have not the menml nbilily. Ii bns lieielolbrs Keen n 



The last number of the Magazine of Horticulture ' too conniion cnor among fnvmere to euppoec tSat it 



jniains Professor Kussclla' Addivsa before the M'd- 



lescx Hotiiculturnl Society, from which we make 



foil )ivin" extract: t 



**Tbe venerable relic of the far famed Chelmsford 

 if,i(,„" ear ie yet existent on one of the oldest farms in that 

 ' i>wn. It is a natural frnii, of exeellent market ijuali- 

 '*'"'* ies, and known as the Chelmsford, Tyngsboro' and 

 Uosul Summer. A mere thin shell of the once ex- 

 atnn, rnordinary trunk, yet bears a few scrauay branches: 

 . ■ ind irom its roots are four strong snckers, all of which 

 " ' * ire identical in fruit with the trunk. Beloie the great 

 ; (o!e of Seplember 1316 [7] it was a very large tree: 

 ut being injured by that tornado, it rapid'y (iei-liued 

 y it9 iiresent condition. The stem however, bears 

 in occasional crop, but was entirely barren the List 

 season. Mr. Manning, the great pomologisl, of Sa- 

 lem, remarks that it is a pear of the largest s'r.c. and 

 extremely productive. For many years he searched 

 in vnin for its origin, sparing no expense in importing 

 pears from the French nurseries to identify it. In- 

 quiry on my part enabled nie to c >nfer a trifling favor 

 on my friend, and to establish the claims of old Chelms- 

 ford to a fine native fruit. 



"The history of the vaUinble Baldwin app'e is fa- 

 miliar to you, bear ng in its cognomen a family name 

 yet existent in our midst. A fine early apple has often 

 been exhibited on your tables, originating a'so in 

 Chelmsford, and known as the Spalding. The addi- 

 tion of these three natural fruits in our vicinity, to po- 

 mology, is sufficient to encourage n research into natu- 

 ral varieties, which are as yet but little known. It 

 should be our endeavor to find these out, and no pains 

 should be spared in the attempt. » • • Our own 

 cauntry is the region and natural location of the finest 

 fruits." 



For the .Ycir Genesee Farmer. 

 The Importnnce and I'tilityofthe Dissemina- 

 tion of Knovledge among Farmers. 



Messrs. Editors — The influence of a publication 

 like yours, devoted to agricultural interests, should be 

 directed towards the improvement of the minds of 

 farmers as well as the introduction of improvements 

 in the science of farming. Your columns have alrea- 

 dy furnished evidence that you arc aware of this; and 

 therefore my object is not to urge upon you any new 

 duty, but to suggest a few reflections on the impor- 

 tance and influence of the dissemination of intellectual 

 knowledge among farmers. 



It would bo a useless waste of words to enter into 

 any argument to show that among this class of our 

 fellow citizens there is no want of intellectual capaci- 

 ty! And if among those who ore engaged in other 

 pursuits, there are any who arrogate to tLemselves a 

 superior order of talents, they betrayan ignorance un- 

 \vonhy of a man of common sense. The occupation 

 of <\ farmer, it is true, will not furnish an opportuni- 

 ty foi a senseless display of fashion; nor will his ro- 

 bust fjiin and hardy countenance, give him the exqui- 

 site appeananee of the straight laced and pale faced 

 dandy. Yet, unadorned by the trappings of art, he is 

 still one of nature's noblemen; and his intellect, ic/ir?! 

 euUicated, will diiolay an enlarged and useful capaci- 

 ty, not alone fitted to the occupation in which he is 

 engaged, but to any 6tu.ion to which he may be called 

 through the operations oi; liberal institutions. And 

 whenever the cultivated ea,ncity of a farmer has been 

 called forth to display itself, viher as a legislator, or 

 in (he performance of any other fublic duty, it has by 

 no means suflered from a compnrson with those ol 

 much higher pretensions. It is not tv he denied that 

 there has been a lamentable apathy mant>gted by the 

 great body of agriculturists in this country, o,|- the ac 

 quirement of intellectual knowledge, which is-iip on 

 ly thing that can develop the resources of the ninJ; 

 and perhaps among no other class has there been sttjj 



would be gical sacrifice of time which ought to be de- 

 voted to their business, to appropriate any portion to- 

 reading. And even now it is not uncommon, to hear 

 " want of lime" urged as an excuse for neglecting to 

 nourish the immortal mind from that fountain of 

 knowledge, which is accessible to tho.se of restricted 

 menus as "c!l as to those of greater competency 

 This mistaken notion however, is daily becoming less 

 prevalent; and I believe there need he no hesitation in 

 saying, that the circulation of agricultural papers hag 

 done more than any thing else to accomplish a refor- 

 mation so desirable. Besides these however, there 

 are nunreroue other valuable means afforded for im- 

 proving the mind. The am unt of knowledge which 

 may oe gathered from these various sources would, 

 when compared with the amount of dollars and cents 

 which it costs to obtain it, be like a comparison of the 

 magnitndeof the most lofty mountain to that of a mole 

 hill. Ifany one thinks his means are too restritced to af 

 ford the e.\pense of a weekly newspaper, or the still 

 less amount charged for agricultural papers, let him 

 reflect for a moment, and he will discover that the 

 means for such purposes are at the control of every 

 one. It only costs the labor of a day, at farthest a 

 week, to lay up a store for the mind upon which it may 

 feast for a year. Neither the lack of means nor the 

 want of time, can be considered a valid excuse to such 

 as properly consider the subject. What farmer is 

 there that can say he has not the time to give one pa- 

 per at least, a thorough perusal, and only appropriate 

 to it one-fourth of his leisure ? 



Happily for us in this country, labor affords the 

 means of obtaining whatever may be necessary for the 

 comfort of the body, and at the same time may also 

 provide for the necessary endowments of the mind. 

 And if incentives be wanted beyond the comfort and 

 happiness wliieh an individual will secure to himself, 

 our institutions have not failed to make the most am- 

 ple provisions. 



Perhops. Messrs. Editors, I have extened these re- 

 marks too far, inosmuch as they are only intended as 

 ad introduction to what I propose to submit to you on 

 this subject hereafter, when time and opportunity per- 

 mit, provided my remarks shall be deemed worthy an 

 insertion in your valuable paper. 



Yours, &c., C. P. T. 



Balavia, May, 1?4I. 



Treatment of Hired nien« 



Entreat not rcil lite hireling that besioicelh himself 

 wholly for thee. — Ecci.I'.siasticiis. 



Art thou amon employing others to till thy grounds? 

 Thou remember that thou hast a Master who com- 

 mands thee not to over-task or to abuse them. They 

 are free men — the righsof free men are theirs. Of en 

 they are your eciunls in intelligence, character and res- 

 pectability. B;)th duly and interest require you to re- 

 gard their rights. They may demand, at reasonabl.- 

 times, R3 much palatable and wholsome food as is 

 needed to preserve unimpEired their health and 

 strength. They may demand as many hours for rest 

 and sleep as the human constitution ordinarily re- 

 quires. They may demand comfortable beds, in rooms 

 not unhealthy. They may refuse such excessive ef- 

 forts or great exposures as would prematurely break 

 down the constitution. They may claim kindness and 

 civility in nil j'our language towards them, and in all 

 your treatment of them. It is no part of their con- 

 tract that they should listen to oaths and curses, should 

 such things pass your lips. It is no part of the con- 

 tract that they shnll bear such mental suffering, as un- 

 reasonable reproaches, unprovoked fault-findings, or 

 ungoverncd passions on your part, may produce. Un- 

 til they forfeit it by micconduet, they may claim your 

 confidence that they will be faithful to you and to your 



apparent neglect of books, or aa little disposition to( interests. When found unfaithful, let the fault he sta 

 encourage the useful publicaiions of the day. But M- f "''"'""'""'>?'>' ""'^'^''swnding be obtained. But 



, ., J ■- 1 . .L 1, 1 . J .1 „• Njs bad, very bod lor both employer and employed to 



while we admit that they have neglected their own b^.^p.^jous of each other. Muiual confidence is fbr the 

 i nterests itf {hts roape*it, it will not follow that they i eorrcgrt ami good of both,—" Every body knows eve- 



ry thing;" and'if you undertake to thrive by keeping- 

 laborers on a short allowance, by workiltglhtfni on ex- 

 cet-sive nuniher oi hoiiis, by tliut oi scolding and fret- 

 ting, by any secret aitifie»B, they will read yot.V heart's 

 teciel- purposni, and will' limi ways and menlis to 

 ihwort y'^u in the accompliKhTn'nt of your defrijtns.' 

 [iTiprtidenefi and injustice on the port ol emplnyf rs,' 

 cieate in part the untrustworthiueso eooiplaineU of in 

 the employed. 



We may iircacfi next to the employed — the hired. 

 — N. -£. farmer. 



From till: (Anahiille, Temi.) Jgricvlturilt. 

 Is theTflriir :» Political Question ! 



There is mt a nrore ignnrnnt ond vulgar mtion in 

 S'leiety, than that which (leilaies partyisni torlaim pro- 

 tection in the sales of cur own prodncts. Can any one 

 tell what party it was that lay so heavy a duty upon for- 

 eign eoiton goo. lb, twenty fite years ago, as to tnuble 

 Americans to make better fabr.cs at one-fourth the 

 value of those imported ? Can any one tell whot par- 

 ty it was that taxed foieign books, iron, sugar, salt, 

 lie. ? Oh, says the pscudo politicians, all pai ties con- 

 tributed to these matters, lor tl at was right. Very 

 good; but if both the north and the south enjoy tlio 

 benefits of, and strenuously advocate measures to pro- 

 mote their respective interests, does it not show tliat 

 protection is the wish of every American citizen 7 

 The question of party originates then, not from tlio 

 thing itself, but from the manner of administering it. 

 The north will never consent to a tarift' which seemeto 

 favor the south, and the souih will notagice to o sys- 

 tem that will favor manufactures more than planters. 

 But as every man is for promoting a eyelem of protec- 

 tion that Will favor his own interests, shnuld it not lio 

 the study of all to lax such articles aa would be the in- 

 terest of every section of the country to do so ? It 

 does not seem that jiarlizans have become so sensitive 

 and fearful of shadows, that feaifi.l they will do wrong, 

 ihcy do nothing. Suppose the English make cotton 

 to supply her own factories, and then bring a little for 

 sale at a low rate to our own factories. 'J'he Southern 

 will come forward and advocate a cotton taiifl', but act- 

 ing under the Lcxtnliinis, he should have no favors. 

 However, we think it would be right, even in this 

 event, and it is a very probable one, to protect cur 

 own citizens. The old maxim, that "charity begins 

 at home," is pretty nearly aUvays correct. At present 

 it is doubtless the interest of every ciiizen of the United 

 States to buy less foreign silk, and raise more at home. 

 'I'he best means of nflectiiig these ends, in our judg- 

 ment, IS to lay a heavy tax on foreign silks, and give 

 premiums to our citizens to produce both the raw mr- 

 terial and manufactured articles. S.imeone may ask. 

 if we can produce silks equal to others, and as cheap, 

 why do we need protection 1 There are but few, rs 

 yet, arquoinled with the business, and a certainty of 

 getting something, if it is a small price, will be suie 

 to induce many to embark in the business. Auothtr 

 reason is, before we become well acquainted with the 

 feeding of worms, and manufacture wearables, fo'" 

 want of knowledge, we may expect to meet with un- 

 fnreeen diflieulties and sustain severe losses; and hero 

 our country's encouragement would cai se the d sop- 

 pointed and dispirited to try it again, and continue ef- 

 fort after eflbrt, till abundant encccis could be seen. 



There is a certain training, or lime of pupilage, es 

 sential to the success of any thing thot is new, and thfr 

 moat watchful may expect to meet difliculties. Then" 

 is but little doubt silk can he produced in this countij, 

 twenty years hence, at less than one half what it cap 

 be now. We well recollect in our boyi.-h days, hav 

 ing to set up, on a " noding stool," at the late houis 

 of night, " picking cotton"'— this consisted in puling 

 the fiiires from the seed with the fingers, and 'fa man 

 got en')ugh in a week of nights to make himselfa shirt, 

 he did very well; but sec now what improvement hra 

 done I Instead of half pounds, we count bnlcp. And 

 a better article can now be produced at less than a 

 fiurth what it could twenty. five years ogo, Sbal ae 

 not anticipate similar results for eilk 1 Losaea ray 

 be anticipated at first, but improvements in cate. .xc- 

 chinery, &c. will produce wonde.ful changes l_<t 

 statesmen then become sensible, and the people alto 

 gain enough of patriotic sense, to make their servanlii 

 smile upon their labors. When the people come t« 

 understand their own interest, they will not addiess 

 their members of Congress, or Btnte Legislatures, aa 

 humble petitioners, but as sovereign lords of the land, 

 whose commands must be obeyed, at the hazznrd o* 

 being recalled. When the great mass get ripe for ac- 

 tion, legislation will be favorable, not before. Let 

 none be ashamed or afraid ti> talk of this matter, and 

 teach it to both young and old, and the intelligence of 

 the people will joon establish the f .Ik enltnre.. 



