7. 



AND GARDENEirS JOURNAL. 



U)7 



n swnnn nnd removed ibrm to the boo Iiouee 

 ;tlie old Uivcs incHio hour iVoin tlio lime of their 

 » the hive. 



j' other wiy is ns eimple, and ne far iib I hnve 

 t, equnlly sine. I take a board wide enouali 

 t n hive on, nnd two or ihreo feet long, bore a 

 n the centre, nnd drive in a j)in, one or two incli- 

 ilianietcr, nnd eight -or ten inches long; 1 then 

 ;\vo sir.nll cords end fasten the end of each to the 

 ere of the board so thnt they form a loop at cneh 

 of the board about two or three feet lon^'; this 

 d thus prepared [ suspend (roni two stakes in 

 t of the hives, with the pin pointing downwards* 

 lire that the stakes slope lowariis each other so 

 board may not touch at the end, around this 

 iho bees wdl cluetcr, nnd when they got still, un- 

 the cord from the slnkes, turn the board over 

 -fully, lay it on the ground and set the hive over it, 



J I lis way much time and trouble may be saved, or 

 a no need of watching for swarms, only pro- 

 such resting places, nnd there yon will find them. 

 ivo left a swarm suspended under the bonrd ns last 

 itioned, thr )i;gh the day nnd found them safe in 

 evening, niul hived theui after the oliier labor of 

 day was past. I think on the whole this method 

 best, as they seem more contented under cover 

 hu board th.'in when more e.xposcd, nnd not so like- 

 o take wing before they are iiived. — Mechanic and 

 mcr. J. R. M. 



if 



f'ircuUir, 



"" the Agrknlturists, Manufacturers, Mechanics and 



Artizans of the United States. 



The American Institue of the city of New York 



e directed us, the Trustees, to announce to the ptib- 



that the Fourteenth Annual Fair will be held in 



i city, in the early part of October ne.\t. The 



le and place, with a variety of details, will be 



.de known and published by the Managers as soon 



enient, after their organization shall be per- 



led. This Institute was established and incorpo- 



d by llie Legislature of the State of New York, 



1 promote domestic industry nnd improvements in 



..le United Stales. Among the men.. 3 suggested in 



■ e charter, are public exhibitions of meritorious pro- 



.ctions, and rewards for such as a:e most deserving. 



Thirteen Groat Annual Fairs have already been 



Id. Their beneficial effects in exciting emulation 



ive been seen and directly felt in more than half the 



;ates of the Union. 



The popularity of these exhibitions, the extended 

 id intense competition they have excited, is without 

 precedent. More than one hundred thousand visi- 

 rs have been admitted, aitd more than fifteen thou- 

 .nd specimens of domestic products have been exhibi- 

 d at a single anniversary. 



A Repository for the daily exhibition of improve- 

 lents, and a Library, of groat utility for practical 

 arposes, hnve both been established by this Instiui'.e, 

 nd have been opeit for yeai's free of expense to con- 

 •ibu'.ors and visitors. Five ploughing exhibitions 

 ave been held on fields in the vicinity of Ncr York; 

 nd many eloquent addresses, iitstructive lectures, 

 nd able reports, have been made on different occa- 

 iotis, ail having a bearing on productive industry. 



The amount of gmtuaous laiior bestowed by the 

 rondnctors of this Institute in fourtci n years, it is be- 

 loved, is without a parallel in the history of our pub- 

 ic institutions. Hitherto the Institute has been sus- 

 ained by voluntary contributions, unaided by city or 

 State bounties. Impressed with these ideas, the Leg- 

 slatnre, in a law just passed, intended for the promo- 

 ion of "Agriculture and Household Manufactures," 

 aave wisely included the American Institute, and on 

 certain conditions appropriated to it nine hundred and 

 fifty dollars per annum for five years, requiring premi- 

 ums to be awarded as suitable means f)r accomplishing 

 the objects of this enactment. In addition to the pe- 

 cuniary aid contemplated by this net, which is timely, 

 nnd will enable us to extend our premiums, it is n 

 public testimonial of the high considcrntion maintain- 

 ed by the Institute in the opinion of our Legislature. 

 The confidence reposed nthe Iu;,titute is in the high- 

 est degree honorable to its conductors, making it there- 

 by the direct agent to carry into effect a law impor- 

 tant in its future effects, and expressly enncted to en- 

 courage the great nnd paramount interests of agricul- 

 ture, which Bunplies not only the principal materials 

 on which all o'-her labor is employed, but also affords 

 Bustenance to the whole human race. 



Accommodations will be provided at the Fourtecntb 

 Fair for the exhibition of every kind of agricultural 

 and horticultural productions, for machines and imple- 

 ments, and steam power and engines. Separate and 



suitable places will bo assigned for exhibiting cattle, 

 horses, sliccp, swine and other (nrming Dtock. Tile 

 best productions of the manol'.riory nnd the work- 

 shop, including woolen, cotton, silk nnd linen fabrics, 

 will hnve their appropriate rooms. Lnbor-anvingiua- 

 ehinery will not only be e.\amincd by competent 

 judges, but also tested by steam power. All new and 

 useful Inlior-saving inveirtions will command atten- 

 tion, and pi.iilicity given to their merits, rurchasers 

 will hnve the best poi-eible oppoflnnily to e.<nniinc, 

 compare, nnd select such articles ns llicy may wish, 

 (fold nnd silver medals, silver cups, diplomas, as well 

 as rewards in money, will be bestowed on those moat 

 deserving. The appropriation will enable the mana- 

 gers more liberally than heretofore) to reward indus- 

 try generally, and ui, re particularly fenialo industry, 

 for ingenious fabrics ol household mnnu.'hctorj'. 



On behalf of this Institute, we woidd cn™'\;tly in- 

 voke the pntron;.^c nnd cxcrlions of prosperous nnd 

 intelligent agriculturists, to enable us t.' fulfil the ex- 

 pectations of the Lcgislnlure. In its wisdom it has 

 laid the foundation of great and lasting good to jhc 

 State. But much of thf fii,oci.3s and popularity of the 

 law to encourage agriculture will depend on the 

 American Institute. Its position in the city of New 

 York is of all others the most favorable, There will 

 always be in this great emporium choice spirits, and 

 such as know well the inestimable value of agricul- 

 ture, nnd who are able and willing to aid any and all 

 great and beneficial objects. The whole island is sur- 

 rounded with fertile and highly cidtivclnd farms nnd 

 gardens, extending into the interior, which bring their 

 supplies daily to our numerous markets, to meet the 

 vast demands of city consumption. A large propor- 

 tion of all the farming and gardening implements 

 used in this and the adjoining States is supplied from 

 this city; and with the facilities of conveyance by 

 horses and by steam, by land and by water, it would 

 seem to be the chosen place for agriculture and horti- 

 culture to present their fairest and best contributions, 

 and the radiating point from which the knowledge of 

 improvements may be readily made to flow to every 

 portion of our country. 



In conclusion we would also respectfully appeal ^o 

 nil the multiplied interests of industry nnd art to mnke 

 their contributions of the best specimens, that the 

 miniature view may be presented of the skill, the ge- 

 nius, and the ample resources of our country at the 

 coming anniversary and 1o the public at large, whose 

 countenance and cheering approbation has uniformly 

 attended all our undertakings for more than thirteen 

 years, nnd to whose favor this Institute owes its exis- 

 tence, we appeal with ur.inalified confidence, and, at 

 the same time, with a strong desire for the special and 

 best influences of our fellow citizens, nt this time, to 

 enable us triumphamly to carry out the coming exhi- 

 bition, nnd discharge the obligation conferred by the 

 recent legislative grnnt. By the kind nid which the 

 public can confer, nnd with the means provided, n nev 

 impulse mny be given to ngricnltural improvements, 

 and to invention nnd the arts, over our whole State; 

 other States, some of which are behind, will thereby 

 be induced to profit by our example, and thus the be- 

 nign iniluence of liberal legislation will be exempli- 

 fied in every section of onr wide spread country. 

 Repository of the American Insiitnte, 

 New York, May, 18-11. 



James Tali.madge, ^ 



Adoniram Cha.vdleb, I 



William Inclis, j 



John Traveks, )■ Trustees. 



Ale.x. j. H.vmilton, I 



T. B. Wakeman, I 



Joseph Titcomu, J 



For the Ntio Genesee Farmer. 

 Fence Posts Heaving by Frost. 



Gentlemen — Can you inform me how poets should 

 be placed in the ground so as to prevent their heaving 

 by the frost ? My land is clayey, and n good fence in 

 she fall becomes a poor one by the next spring. Should 

 the holes be very deep and closely filled up, or left 

 loose at the top 1 H. 



Uiica, June, 1841. 



Posts set in clayey ground, if surrounded by the 

 soil removed in digging the hole, will he thrown up- 

 wards by frost, in spite of any precaution we know 

 of. But where they are put in a gravelly and not 

 tenacious soil, they rarely, if ever, heave in winter. 

 Nor do they in a dayoy soil, if the holea about them 



are filled with small or broken stone closely beaten in. 

 Possibly other materials would accomplish the same 

 end, though we have no expericnco on the subject. 

 Deep and firm setting, is of couidc neceasary. * 



Fat ratlin. 



Since taking charge of the Keystone wo have ob- 

 served a very largo number of fat emtio passing onr 

 ofiice daily lor the eastern market, nnd have mnde in- 

 quiries na the probable number. Through the polito- 

 ncBo of Mr. Kuhns, the toll collector at the Western 

 end of the llarrifburg bridge, v.'e have aacenainetl 

 that from the l.'ith of April to the 17ih of June, there 

 have passed over said bridge, eastward, seven tbott- 

 snnd eight hundred and fifteen head of fat cattle. Add 

 to this three hundred whieli were enabled to ford the 

 river yeslcrdav and to day, nnd there boa passed 

 through Hanijburgh for the eastern market, eight 

 thousand one kaadrcd and Jl/'lan hird of cattle. 

 These cattle, we understand, will bring upon an aver- 

 nge .'^■55 per head, making them, in the aggregate, 

 worth $44'.),3'.i5. — Kiystone. 



Proper Season for Cuttin? Giaiu. 



It is a good prnctioe to cut every kind ofgrnin rnih- 

 er bel'ore it is fully ripe in the grnin or the straws. In 

 a fne season, some farmers cut their crops when they 

 find the neck of the straw immediately under the car, 

 free of juice when twisted round between the finger 

 and thumb, nnd do not wait until the lower part of the 

 stems are dry and yellow, because they find in such a 

 season the strnw to die from the ear downward. In 

 a bad season, on tht other hand, the lower part of 

 the stem first becoiocn yellow and diy ; after which, 

 of course, the crop is not allowed to stand, for in such 

 a season the ear never heeoraes mature, having lesa 

 absorptive power, whilst the vitality of the root is 

 early destroyed by the combined etTccts of bad weath- 

 er and an ungenial slate of the soil. — Qiiancrly Jour- 

 nal of Agriculture. 



From the Farmers* Callrct. 

 Application of Lime to Soils, 



Read before the Pldladelph^a Society for Promoting 

 Agriculture, April 7, 1841. 



Lime has long been regarded by farmers in certain 

 sections of our country, nnd cultivnting districts, as a 

 most valuable agent. Siifl' and tenacious soils ato 

 greatly benefited by its application, as is admitted by 

 all who cultivate them. Whether the v-,:' jus chemi- 

 cal inlluences which hnve been assigned to its pres- 

 ence, are really those which constitute its virtue, I 

 shall not inquire in this essay : I propose merely to 

 submit some views that have occurred to me, which 

 tbe plain practical farmer can fully appreciate, with- 

 out the aid of chemistry or science, or their techni- 

 calities. 



Clays nnd red shell soils are compact and tenncione, 

 nnd are therefore greatly benefitted by an admixture of 

 lime, as they are rendered more mellow or Iriable by 

 its application ; the color of the soil is also changed 

 to n dark brown, and has a rich oily appearance. 

 These combined influences give it a greater capacity 

 lor imbibing heat from the action of the sun, and this 

 additional heat communicates an increased vegetative 

 power ; besides, the improved friability or mellownesa 

 of the soil gives greater facifiies to the fibrous reels 

 of plants to shoot further into it, and hence they ob- 

 laina larcersupply of nourishment or food. Its capa- 

 city for absorbing moisture is also gready increased, 

 because, for the reasons above stated, the plastic pro- 

 perties of n stiff soil are removed, and moisture, either 

 from rain or dew, is more freely ndmiited and absorb 

 ed; and having penetrated deeper into the soil, is re- 

 tained, as if by a sponge, for n longer period. Far- 

 mers who are familiar with stiff soils, know full well 

 that they will not admit heat nombsorb moisture so 

 rendily aa those which are lighter, and the latter do 

 not bake and become so hard and dry as the former— 

 besides, a purely clay soil is always cold at a shot t dis- 

 tance below the surface. 



Such soils, 60 improved, have increased capacity for 

 imbibing heat from the action of the sun by day; and 

 this heat is maintaii'cd for a longer period at night; 

 and hence, a protracted evaporaiion or emission of 

 heat is secured, which, acting upon the cool atnios- 

 phere of night, produces a greater amonnt^f dew. 

 The soil is therefore rendered capable of creating a 

 larger supply of moisture — of im!iibing more heat, 

 and of receiving and retaining those ai;enls of vege- 

 tation alternately, for a more prolrnctcd period. Dews 

 are occasioned by a cool atmosphere coming in con- 

 tact with the exhalations from the heated caith, oi 



