AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 



139 



>d losto in the mouth, bud i'colings 'ii the hcnd nnd 

 tomach, if noi niih dieeiisoil eyes; out of which fccl- 

 ige, or inthcr upon thcni, coincs in no small degree 

 ic hnbit of taking a morning drnm. How much 

 learer the licnd is, and how much better the feelings 



e, ijencrally, niter taking an «arly, liglit supper nt 

 X o'clock, they best know who have tried it. 



4. 'I'liero ie one more ndviinmge which I must not 

 asd over, wliich ia worthy of consideration, and 

 'hich is highly in favor of early suppers. It io,that by 

 iking our repast at six o'clock, wc may have the eo- 



cty of the female portion of the family. They will 



>t wail for their supper till eight or nine o'clock, or 

 t Ic.iM many will not, and none of them ought. Hut 

 ley inl/ wait till six. Need I say that such a cue- 

 im would ho as favorable to good manners as it 



oiilit he to true enjoyment? Besides, wo are apt to 

 ;pri"»ch thein now-a-days, with retaining their tea, 



exciie their nerves — while they demand of us to 

 irrender our cider; but how do we know that they 

 'ould not, for the sake of our society at six, dispenee 

 •itb the tea? Is not the experiment worth trying? 



I have not exhausted the subject, Mr. Editor, but 

 ly rhcet is full, and 1 may have exhausted the pa- 

 siico of your readers. Youie, ite. 



Dcdha m, July Vi, 1811. W. A. AL COTT. 



For the Ncu Gentses Farmer. 



Corn Laws. 



I an a plain man, and hate controversy, — but one 

 two things of " S. W." I think I ought to object 

 , as I cannot, being a render of the Farmer, silently 

 !m t ihein. I was indeed greatly surprised to find a 

 tizon of Western New York, the advocate of a here- 

 tary arittocracy; and attributing the payment of the 

 real hulk of the English ta.ies, and even the support 

 ' Thk Pkopli" to them. The " landed interest" 

 t remembered, is nothing else than the interest o( 

 number of petty monarchs, whoso ancestors obtain- 

 I their possessions by conquest or force, and from 

 horn they have descended to the present occupants, 

 hey "pay the taxes?" We might as well say the 

 ritish Government itself pays the taxes which it ex- 

 ts from the people. They " feed the people ?" 

 o! the people, by whose toil and sweat those do- 

 ains are rendered productive, support the aristocracy; 

 id without the labor of the peiple, they would starve 

 the midst of their own plantatiouB. 

 It is a narrow policy, which must fade away before 

 e light of civilization and Christianity, for nations 

 excluie one another's products from their people, 

 tcausc-tbey can be furnished cheaper from other sour- 

 is. Lot the immense wheat country of the northwest 

 irow its supplies into England, and she in return 

 ir her manufactured articles through our country; 

 10 wou'id bo the worse off among the whole, because 

 *c necessaries of li.^e were cheaper there, and the 

 .mforts cheaper here? Bu', I must not enlarge, but 

 epcatfully beg S. W. to read through and atlcntircly 

 eavilt's wheat memorial, published in the Farmer 

 ■to or three mcnths ago; only observing in conclu- 

 «n, that his objection to the repeal of the British 

 laws, on the ground of the little foreign wheat 

 <er cirriej tiiere is very much such a one as this: — 

 Why make a caual across the Isthmus of Daricn? 

 O-ship lias ever, since the beginning of the world, 

 len across there — yi\\y then make a canal_ w'uere 

 icre never will be any navigation 7" 



A REA DER. 



A Public Benefactor. 

 Among the enlightened friends of Agricultural 

 nprovement, the name of Colman of Massachusetts 

 emblazoned with the living lustre of a Public Bene- 

 ctor. His services to Massachusetts — a State which 

 mored herself by making him htr Agricultural 

 ommissioner — are invaluable; not merely for pro- 

 oting agriculture, but for rendering farmers co.v- 



'.NTKD WITQ, nnd PROUD OP, TilEiR EM?1.0¥MENT. 



"he could ho spared from Massichueette, we doubt 

 jtthat ihousanda would rejoice to see him appointed 

 Commissioner for making an agricultural surrey of 

 e Slate of New Yurk— a.i caterpr iie which Bhould 



follow the Geological Survey that has proved so ed- 

 vantogcoua to the interests nnd credit of the elate. 

 The Product of Labor the only R<MI Wealth. 



Agriculture is the foundation of wcalih. The sen 

 renders her tribute; but the earth presents to skill 

 nnd industry richer and infinitely varied comvibutions. 

 Money is not wealth. It is only the representative of 

 wealth Money is coveted because it can commnnd 

 labor; but of what use wmild it be, if labor would not 

 be commanded. What would it avail to posuefs all 

 the riches of I'otosi, if thereby we could not acquire 

 the products of agriculture? What are manufactu- 

 rers concerned in but these products? What freights 

 the barks of connncrcc in their liquid flight, threading 

 every channel nnd whitening every post, but the pro- 

 ducts of agriculture? Whence d:ies the government 

 derive its revenues but from the fiuits of agriculture? 

 What constitutes the wealth of the country but her 

 cotton, hemp, sugar, rice, tobacco, wool, wheat, 

 beef and pork? Agrictdture only can be considered 

 as the creator of wealth. The merchant, the manu- 

 facturer, the sailor, the various nrtizans and trades- 

 men perforin their part in tnnkiug the products of ag- 

 riculture more valuable; in transporting them so that 

 the advantages of clime are equalized, and in putting 

 them in a condition for use; but agriculture alone 

 produeci. Like the leader of Israel, she strikes the 

 rock, the waters flow, and a famished people aro sat- 

 isfied. She bupplies, she feeds, she quikens all. Ag- 

 riculture is the commanding interest of the country, 

 which with no singular interest of a secular nature 

 combined, can be brought into competition. 



HEi>JRY COLMAN. 



Michigau. 



This noble State, though sadly cursed with wild- 

 cat banking, is steoddy improving in her Agricultu- 

 ral character. Roadeai in various quarters may be 

 interested by the following letter — which embodies 

 many interesting matters respecting the Agricultural 

 wealth of the rcninsula State. 



Marshall, July 8, 1841. 



" J. D. Bkmis, Esq. — " Dkar Sir — I see much in 

 the pnpers relating to the wheat, and other crojts, in 

 Western New York; from all which, there can be no 

 doubt, they have sufl'ered greatly from drought. The 

 wheat, in this region, undoubtedly, was seriously in- 

 jured, in the early part of the season, from the same 

 cause, and somcwh.it, also, by the liy; but I am hap- 

 py to say that timely showers in the early days of 

 June, operated so cll'cclually, that although there will 

 not be a great crop, there will be a lair supply of 

 wheat. The miserable low price of flour, for the two 

 last years, nddcd to the great cipense for transporta- 

 tion, had discouraged the formers from extending their 

 fields, and indeed from sowing all which were broken 

 up; BO that the areas in cultivation are scarce equal to 

 some former years. Yet, after all deductions nre 

 made, there will be a mnch larger crop than has here- 

 tofore been harvested. I have no doubt that Michi- 

 gan will have from 2,000,000 to 2,500,000 bushels. 

 at least, of surplus for market. With a steady de- 

 mand, at 75 cenis per bushel, the present population 

 would at once furnish 5,000,000 bushels for export, 

 with ease, for it is cultivated with far less labor than 

 in New York. 



The other crops about here, without exception, pre- 

 sent the most animating and delightfid aspect. The 

 Indian corn surpa.scs any thing I have ever seen, in 

 vigor, richness and luxuriance. But it will all be 

 needed, for the "swinish multitude " baa wnxed 

 amazingly prolific. Tliere are, I think, over 000,000 

 of these animals now in the State; and if so, the sur- 

 plus of pork the coming fall nnd winter, will come up 

 to near or quite 300,000 barrels. 



The peo|)le of this State— (although lying under a 

 cnrse, resulting, in a great measure, from early legis- 

 lative mismanagement, in unwisely, if not dishonestly, 

 incurring and squandering a .$.5,000,100 roan in first 

 breeding a litter of wild-cnt banks, nnd then com- 

 mencing a senseless hostility to all banks) — are enter- 

 prising, industrious and ee inomical, in nn eminent 

 degree; and with their rigid habits of privation nnd 

 self-denial, the smplus products of the present year, 

 at fair prices, will p''y up all individual foreign debt, 

 and leave a very handsome balance of capital, for use- 

 ful and profitable investment at home. 



But the most profitable staple article for exportation 

 hy the TT^ui-verines, will, herenl'ler, be icooi. With- 

 out deducting at all from the present produce of the 

 State, 5,000,000 sheep may easily be kept. It is only 

 necessary for a farmer to puichaee 500 or 600 acres of 



these oak openings, which he mny get for ;}i5 per acre, 

 enclose the whole, cultivate 1011 acres, or enough to 

 sustain his stock through our generally short and mild 

 winters, nnd ho is prepared, offhand, to keep 2;000 

 head of sheep. There is no doubt that nil cattle, and 

 sheep cspccinlly, thrive better upon the nativ* gras.^ea 

 nnd shrubs, found in the openings of this Slate, than 

 they do upon the beat cultivated grasses of New York. 

 I have no dmibt it is the best Slate for shcep-liusbnn- 

 dry in the Union; and the great ease nnd chenpnees 

 with which wool cnn be marketed, nt BoMton or New 

 York, renders it admirably fitted for the elaple of our 

 interior country. Our farmers nio becoming con- 

 vinced of this, for every one is trying to commence or 

 increase h*s flock. The uumbera now coming in 

 from Ohio and other States, nre iuimcnse, nnd 1 have 

 no doubt the sheep now in the Slate doubles the last 

 year's return. Money to buy ilioir, alone is wanting, 

 and that number would bo ten-fold in twelve months 

 to come. 



I know that a serious prejudice prevails abroad, 

 against this State, on account of the onerous taxes 

 imposed upon real cstaie. Four fifths of these taxes, 

 however, have been imposed by school and highway 

 districts. In many cases they have been justly con- 

 demned as unequal and opprecsive. Dou'etless a moro 

 correct public sentiment is pervading the State; for 

 the most intelligent men have become convinced that 

 the pro.«iK:riiy of a new country is never promoted by 

 the imposition of unnecessary taxes, so exoibitant as 

 to drive its own citizens away, and arrest all immigra- 

 tion from abroad. Such appears lo have been the 

 consequence of the high luxation in this State. But, 

 as I said, a more correct feeling exists. Indeed the 

 taxes nre now much lower thnn in former yenrs. 



I ought to add, that for near nine months in which 

 I have residrd here, I never knew a healthier land — 

 the green hills of New England, thus far, do not eur- 

 pnss it. With great i espcct, yours, 



HENRY W. TAYLOR." 



Evaporation. 



A correspondent inquires " if water or maple sap, 

 when heated to a given degree, cvaporalea according 

 to bulk, or Burlnce." 



Water (of which maple sap almost wholly consistsj 

 when heated to 212 ^Fah. evaporates rapidly, and 

 this boat cannot be exceeded (unless it is confined) 

 60 long as it remains in the vessel in a liquid state. 

 The evaporation only becomes more rapid, as the fire 

 is Increased. And the rapidity of evaporation de- 

 pends wholly on the quantity of heat which passed 

 from the fire to the boiling water. Of course the lar » 

 ger tho surface, the greater will be the qunniity of heat 

 passing, the intensity of the 6re being tho eame. It 

 a kettle has one square foot of surface exposed to the 

 fire, the evaporation will be the eame whether one 

 foot or ten in su'-face. of the water, be exposed to the 

 air above. And the evaporation will be the same, 

 whether the vcesel be high, nnd contain a barrel in 

 measure, or flat and contain only a gallon. Conse- 

 quently it depends on the cxttnl of surface exposed to 

 the fire, ihe intensity of the heat of that fire being the 



same. * 



'Domestic Bcooomy. 



More Light! — Lamps may be easily arranged for 

 burning Lard, instead of oil. Many of them are now 

 in use in Rochester. Ordinary lamps mny be fi-xed 

 for this purpose — with a thick wire so arranged as to 

 be kept hot by the flame, and thus secure the lard in 

 a fluid stale. There is but litde smoke nnd the light 

 is pleasant. It is certainly far preferable to making 

 candles of tallow; nr.d will be a great convenience to 

 thrifty housewives, on the score of neatness as well as 

 economy. This mode of burning lard was devised by 

 Mr. B. W. Oakley, of Tecumscli, Michigan. Oil ia 

 extracted from corn, by dislillntion, to some extent, 

 nt the west. The Nilea (Michigan) Republican says- 



" We have been burning in a common lamp, for the 

 last few weeks, oil extracted from corn, a qunniity o£ 

 which we received from Mr. R. A. Ward, nt Berrien, 

 who manufactures the article. Itgives a clear, hanu- 

 liful light, and burns longer than ilie common v.hale 

 oil, and emits no oflensive smell. On the whole wo 

 should ihink it better and cheaper than iny other 

 kind of oil for lampa." 



