158 



THE NEW GENESEE 1 ARMER, 



flheiuical, or Prepared Manures. 



It is aomctimea asked, niid that too in a way indi- 

 cating a belief tbat tlie question cannot be satiatac- 

 torily answered, what are the advantages tbat science 

 baa conferred on Agriculture? more than intimating 

 tbat Imowledge, ao essential to all other pursuits, is 

 of no value to the farmer. It is a auflicicnt reply to 

 all thi-?, to simply point to the articlea named at the 

 head of this paper; chemical, or prepared manures. 

 For the present we shall confine ourselves to a single 

 clasB, those derived from urine and night soil, or of 

 which these furnish the most important part. 



It may be said that the use of night soil has been 

 known from the earliest ages as a manure. This is 

 true, but its use has always been limited, owing to 

 prejudices arising from its disagreenble nature, and 

 its olfrnsive odor, ^be celebrated Swedish chemist, 

 Berzelius, was among the first to call the attention of 

 moderns to these sub&tances by his analysis of them, 

 which gave the following results: 



Night Soil, 100 parts. Urine, 1000 parts. 



Water 7.3.3; Water 033 00 



Vegetable matter and Urea, :J0,10 



animal remains 7.0 Sulphate of potash, ... 3.71 



Bile, 0.9 Sulphate of 3odi 



j\ll)umen 0.9 



Peculiar and e.vtrac- 



tive matter, 2.9 



Salts, 12 



Insoluble residue 14.7 



Phosphate of soda, . . . 

 lUuriateofsoda (com. 



salt,) 



Phospliatc of ammo- 



i\Iuriate of ammonia, . 

 Acetate of ammunia, } 

 Animal matters, 3 

 Earthy phosphates & \ 

 Fluate of lime, J 

 Silica and mucus 



The intelligent farmer will see at a glance that the 

 matters enumerated in these tables constitute most 

 efficient fertilizers, and in spite of their repulsive na- 

 ture, the Flemish farmers have long been in the ha- 

 bit of nii.xing these stercornceous niattera with water, 

 which, applied with much labor to their fields, gave a 

 fertility unknown to the rest of Europe. Some 28 

 years since, Davy suggested to his countrymen, the 

 English, that night soil was a very powerful manure, 

 liable to decompose, Soluble in water, and in whatev- 

 er state it is usjd, furnishes abundant food for plants. 

 He found, by experiment, that quick lime destroyed 

 the disagreeable smell, and ascertained that it might 

 be diied, pulverized, and delivered by drills at the 

 time of sowing the seed. The manufncture from 

 night soil of the valuable manure, called pvudrctte, 

 belongs to the French. Nearly 40 years since, a 

 chemist, M. Bridet, obtained a paper for bispoudre 

 vegctaLicc, manufactured from the cesspools of Paris; 

 and such was his success that similar manufactories 

 were erected all over the country, particularly in the 

 vicinity of the large cities, so that what was once a 

 nuisance, is now deemed of the greatest value. 



In 1814, the French Royal Society of Agriculture 

 granted a gold medal to iVIadame Vibert Diiboul, who 

 obtained a patent for 1.5 years for her " Alkaline Ve- 

 getative powder." Her plai'i consisted in fermenting 

 the most liquid parts of those niattcrs, and mixing 

 them with slaked lime afterwards so as to form a 

 powder much superior and more durable in its etfecls 

 to common poudiette. 



In 1818, t'le first manufactory of " Urate" pro- 

 perly so called, was commenced near Paris, by the 

 chemists Douat & Co., and the product was submit- 

 ted to the examination and test of a committee ol 

 chemists and agriculiurists, in which were included 

 some of the ableat men of Franco. This committee re 

 ported that they had found the preparation so powerful 

 on the dullest soila, that they recommended it should on 

 ly be employed by skilful and discrimiunting farmers. 

 On good soils, or in large quantities, it gave such a 

 growth of straw as to be fatal to the maturity of the 

 grain. The whole matter collected from the cess- 

 pools of Paris, is now converted into poudrette and 

 urate, and is used by the farmers and gardeners, 

 principally within a circuit of 30 miles around Paris. 



A new preparation called " engriiis aniinrilize," or 

 disinfected night soil, has recently been entered upon 

 at Paris, and a large manufactory has also been es- 

 tablished at White Chanel, netr London. It is made 

 by inixiiig the night soil wiiu a conoiuer ble quantity 

 of finely pulverized charcoal, and then drying the 

 mass at a very gentle heat. Thus prepared it resem- 

 bles the friable mold, rich and dark, of an old hot 

 bed, and is totally deviod of smell. The English 

 farmers, if we may judge from their reports and jour- 

 nals, are highly pleased with this mnnure, particular- 

 ly as a dressing for turnepa, giving them a quick 

 growth at the start, which is of great importance with 

 thii root. There is another preparation called -'Ow- 

 cu's Animalized Carbon," principally brought into 

 England from the Baltic, one ton of whiclt is consid- 



ered equol to 25 bushels of crushed bones, while the 

 coat is but little more than ball as much. It proba- 

 bly differs little from the engrois aninialize, except 

 tbat it contains more carbon, and, of course, is a leas 

 powerful manure. 



There is a chemical preparation called " Seed 

 Manure," prepared by Messrs. Hodgson and Simp- 

 son, of Wakefield, England, the composition of which 

 is a secret, but the base of it is, doubtless, urate, mix- 

 ed with a portion of saccharine matter, ammonia, 

 salt, and nitre. Their directions areas follows, and 

 by lollowing them Mr. Milburn and others have ex- 

 perienced the best cfiiicts on their crops. 



" Dissolve 28 lbs. of this iiianuru in a pail by ad- 

 ding water in small quantities stirring it at the same 

 time, until the mixture is of the consistence of cream; 

 it is then poured over the seed intended to be sown on 

 an acre of land, and the whole rejieatcdly turned over, 

 BO that it appears one uniform mixture; the seed is 

 then to be spread out thin, on the Hoor to dry, for ten 

 or twelve hours, and mixed with a siiiiicient quantity 

 of Boot or any kind of ashes, to render it sufficiently 

 friable or dry to be sown by the hand or by the drill." 



Prof. Johnson in bis valuable papera on mnnure, 

 has the following remarks on these chemical [irepara- 

 tions of night soil, particulaily the carbonized class, 

 which, when properly made, he seems to consider 

 preferable to any other of its mixtures. 



" The preparation of the Messrs. Fottevin of the 

 engrais animalize at London, is the same as that of ftl. 

 Payen at Paris. It combines, and successfully loo, 

 the great object of driving off the water of nightsoil 

 by a gentle heot, after all its gaseous matters have 

 been absorbed, by mixing it with a portion of newly 

 prepared carbon, in the finest possible state of divi- 

 sion, than which, no known substance has such great 

 powers ol absorption of all gaseour matters like those 

 which abound in, and impart the disagreeable odor of 

 nightsoil. The presence of the carbon in the ma- 

 nure thus prepared, is valuable in two ways; it grad- 

 ually combines with the oxygen of the atmosphere, 

 forming in the state of carbonicgaa, the food of plants; 

 and at the same time, all the gaseous matters ol putre- 

 faction, with which it is saturated, are thus preserved, 

 stored up, as it were, for the use ol the roots of the 

 cultivator's crops; nothing ia lost, the emission of the 

 gases from the slowly dissolving charcoal, being so 

 gradual, as to be almost, if not entirely, impercepti- 

 ble to the senses." 



The j nstly famous preparation, called aa above 

 " Urate," may be very Buccessfully imitated by the 

 common farmer who will take the pains to provide a 

 reservoir or cistern for the preservation of urine, with 

 which, when wanted for distribution with his seed, 

 he must mix gypsum or plaster till the urine is ab- 

 sorbed, and the mass sufficiently dry lo sow with the 

 driller by hand. This is one of the most powerful 

 pi'eparntiona on dry or sandy aoils that can well be 

 imagiued, and ia one of which every fanner may 

 avail himself to a greater or less degree. 



There are at the present time, two manufactories of 

 poudrcUe and urutc'in the vicinity of -New York; and 

 there is most abundant proof that it constitutes here as 

 elsewhere the most valuable clasB o( manures. That 

 such manufactories will become common in the neigh- 

 borhood ofour principal cities and towns, where alone 

 the materials are to be found, as the value of such 

 manures, both for the efficiency and portability are 

 beuer undeistood, we have no doubt. Their use is 

 rapidly converting the vicinity of the principal Euro- 

 pean cities into a garden, and the use of these male- 

 rials whiebhave constituted the greatest nuisances 

 and were most productive of diseases, into manures, 

 will not have a better effect on the soil, thon on the 

 health of those congregated masses of human beings. 

 All. Cultivator. 



have dried the tomatoes with a recipe, however I 

 successful. 



Very respectfully, H. L. Ellsworthv 



Hon, J. S. ShinncT. 



Rkcipe. — Take six pounds of sugar to one pe f/t, 

 (or 16 lbs.) of fruit. Scald and remove the skin (loi 

 the fruit in the u-ual way. Cook them over a fi 

 their own juice being sufficient without the additi 

 of water, until the sugar penetrntca and they i 

 clorified. They are then token out, spread on dish 

 flattened and dried in the sun. A small quantity 

 tne syrup should be occasionally sprinkled over tb 

 whilst drying ; after which, pack them down in bos 

 treating each layer with powdered sugor. The syr 

 is afterwards concentrated and bottled for 

 They keep well from year to year, and retain surpi 

 ingly their flavor, which is nearly that ol the bett qi 

 ity of fresh figs- The pear-shaped or single tomatt 

 answer the purpose best. Ordinary brown sugar n 

 be used, a large portion of which is retained in i 

 syrup. — American Farmer. 



lljiC 



(tiiil 



,B«I 



ilik<; 

 jiitii 

 (111* 



f<" 

 [ike I 

 \\ 

 ii 



Tomato Figs. 



Pjtent Office. July 10, 1841. 



Dkar Sir — The medicinal qualities of tomatoes 

 have greatly increased their cultivation, and every 

 new preparation ,.f the article is deserving considera- 

 tion. A somple of **tomato figs" has just been de- 

 posited at the Patent Oflice, of a superior quality. — 

 From the taste I should suppose all the good qualities 

 of the fruit are retained. In appearance, the drum 

 of tomatoes resembles one of figs so nearly, that they 

 might easily be mistaken for the same. 



The sample is deposited by Mrs. Steiger of this 

 city, and the recipe transmitted with it is enclosed for 

 publication. It is deeply to be regretted that since the 

 periodicals ol the day are open to communications, 

 that so many valuable inprovenienta arc lest to the 

 world, barely for the want of publicity. Others may 



For the New Genesee jr^^ 

 TRUE GLORY. 



BY UEVVITT C. ROBERTS. 



Man seeks co.iteut on every shore— 

 AVherc deserts spread — where oceans roar I 

 Wliat recks he danger, toil or blood, 

 Ey famine, shipwreck, field, or flood i* 

 AVhat boots it where bis footsteps roam, 

 If he seek not the prize at IIom e .'' 



Deluded man I vaindteamer! cease I 

 Say ? what can set the mind at ease ? 

 Can gold-dust scraped from Afric'e sands, — 

 Can diamonds wrought by servile hands — 

 Can rapine, war, or murder yield 

 Aught, save to Fame— a battle field? 



Back to tliy honest toils again! 



Go! speed the plough and till the plain. 



Thy bristling grain, in thick rows set. 



Shall rival e'en the bayonet — 



Thy maize, arrayed along the land. 



Shall image many an armed band — 



Thy gold, the yellow maize shall he ; 

 Tliy gems, the dews that deck the lea; 

 Such be thy glory — such thy wealth ; 

 Thy rich reward, content and health — 

 Nor prouder spoils e'er won the bay. 

 Or dcck'd a Roman triumph day ! 

 Julijiotk, ISJt 



Anti-Corn liaw Agitation in England. 



Papers by the Britannia bring us the accounts of t 

 opening or first days' session of the great Auti-Co 

 Law Conference of Ministers, at Manchester, on t 

 17tb of August. More than C.'50 Ministers bad a 

 nounced their intention to be iirtsent. The people 

 Manchester vied with each other in bospitoble arranf 

 ments to entertain the reverend gentlemen. T 

 Conference asaenibled in the Tower Hall, the benct 

 of which were completely filled. The Rev. Dr. J 

 kin waa called to the chair. 



In his opening address bespoke of the present me 

 ing aa without a parallel among the counci'a and bj 

 ods recorded in ecclesiastical history. Miniatera 

 Christ from all parts of the Empire, not in hostile i 

 roy, sect against sect, and party against party, witL 

 the narrow lines of sectarian demarcation, but occu] 

 ed with an object greater than that which could bare 

 engage the minds of the moat eminent Christians. 

 They had met at the call of sufl'ering humanity, whi 

 reached their ears, not from a foreign land, but fro 

 the green valleys and populous atreeta of their own b 

 loved land. At the outset, however, tbey were in 

 by the question, "What have Cbristion men, and 

 bove all. Christian ministers, to do with temporal pt 

 itics?" But when they became the denizens of an 

 tlier kingdom, were they to abandon the duties of thi 

 It was not necessary, when they became Christian 

 that tbey should cease to be men. For bis own pai 

 he would have considered himaelf a traitor both to ri 

 ligion and humanity, had he refused to obey the sun 

 mona to attend the meeting. 



What was the present situolion of the empire ?- 

 Here was a country great in arts and arms — thescho 

 of science and literotuie — the mart of literatnra — tl 

 cradle of luxury — the emporium of the moral world- 

 occupying the highest position amongst surronndir 

 nations, and shedding its light over the most dista: 

 lands. Yet this country, possessing within itself, ii 

 exhaustible resources, whilst it wus ibe richest in tl 



