U. 5 



AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 



iiuicli dulnv is riDt dcsiroble, au it tnny be Bt 

 ridfil wah bnd elTecld. 



Tbo proceso wbich hns been employed in tbe 

 nniirii-ture ol' Maize sugar, is ns loliows : The juice, 

 "ler earning from the mill, e'ood lor n short time in 

 Jlio.^ite saine tif its conrser impiiraies : it was then 

 ured oil', and passed through a flannel etrnincr, i]i 

 dir to get rid of such matters as eould be separated 

 1 this "ay. Lime water, c.Tlled mdk of liine, wa? 

 en added in llie proportion of one or two table 

 's lull to the gallon. ' It is said by sngar manu- 

 cturers, that kniuvkdge on this point enn onlv be 

 ed by experience ; but I have never faded in 

 g sugar from employing loo nimh or too little 

 " the lime. A certain portion of this substance, 

 in'evcr, is undoubtedly necessary, and more or lees 

 an this will be injurious : but no precise directions 

 in he given about it. The juice was then placed 

 •or the lire, a;id brought nearly to the boiling point, 

 ben it was carefutly skimmed, taking care to eom- 

 ietc thisoperation before ebullition commenced. It 

 as ilien boiled down rapidly, removing tbe scum as 

 lose. The jnice w.ts examined from lime to lime, 

 id if iheie was :in appearance of feculent panicles 

 hich would not rise to ihe surface, it was again pas- 

 ;d tlirnugli a tlannel strainer. In judging when the 



rup wa^ sulHciently bijiled, a portion wns taken be- 

 vcen the thumb r.nd linger, and if when moderntely 



ol. a thread half nn inch long could be drawn, it was 

 ^nsidered to be done, and was poured into broad shal 

 »w vessels io crystal!. zo. in some cases crystallizn- 

 on commenced in twelve hours ; in others, noi till 

 f'.er several days : and in no case was this process so 

 r completed as to allow the sugar to he drained in 

 !SS than three weeks from the lime ofboiling. The 

 3asnn wliy so great a length of time was requited, 1 

 not yet been able to discover. There is no douhi 

 that an improved process of manufacture will 

 ause it to granulate as quickly as any other. 



*' Enough lins been said to eiiable Qnyone6t>dispos- 

 d to manufaclure sugar Ironi Maize, either on a large 



a small scale. As to the proliis of tbe business,! 

 liaU make no positive assertions; experience on the 

 object is yei loo limited to warrant them ; and as all 

 le facts in relation to it are now bercro the public, 

 very one intercsti'd can draw his own conclusions. 

 1 is said by those ac]uainted with the cultiration of 

 le cane, that that business cannot ba carried on pro 

 tably on less than one hundred acreo in crop, and 

 lat tliempts on a small scale will be certain to fad 



lb a great loss of lime and labor. Hoiv far ibis 

 lay be applied to corn, remains to bo seen- 



" Some comparison between the cultivation of cane 



d tliat of corn may perhaps be interesting. 



"The cane lands in Louisiana are redeemed to 

 ericulture, by strong embankments along the river, 

 nd by nnmerons ditches, which extend bark into the 

 waiup lo a considerable distance beyond the line of 

 ultivaiion. The ground ia still further divided by 

 nailer ditches into lots of from one to two acres in 

 xient. It is extremely rich and productive ; but ihc 

 xpcnse of d.-aining, and keeping up ilie embank- 

 lenis, must be very considerable ; this forms the 

 rsl differen^;e to be noted in iho culiurc of the two 

 jants under consideration. 



" The best season for planting cane in Louisiana, 



in the fr.ll, which is also the lime of harvest, when 



bor is most valuable, and the greatest exertions are 

 jquired to secure ihe crop before it is destroyed by 

 ■ofli. But the most striking differe- ce will be found 

 I the cosl of seed, and in the labor of planting. The 

 ane is propagated by layers ; these are partly fur- 

 shed from ihe lops of the plant, when cut for grind- 

 ig, but are principally raitoons. Of the latter, it re- 



iires the produce of one acre to plant three. The 

 rain from one acre of corn will be sufficient for piant- 

 ig forty acres. Therefore, the difference in expense 



rseod, will be as one lo thirteen. 



"In planting cane, furrows are made with the 

 !oU!jh f^rom two and a half lo three feet apail; in 

 liese the layers are placed in a double row, and the 

 arth drawn over them wiih hoes to the depth of three 

 r four inches. In the spring, before the plants are 



p, this covering is partly scraped off, so as to leave 

 hem buried Irom one to Iwo inches. 



'■From this account, it is evident, that no more 



annal labor will be required lo drill fifty acres in 

 orn, ihin 10 plant one acre in cane. The labor of 



iliivnting the latter plant during ils growth, is also 

 ;rea!er : but this may be balanced by Ihe extra work 

 equired to take off the embryo cars from ihe corn. 



Vhen cultivated in tbe mode recommended, the stalk 



f corn is soft, remrirkably heavy, and full of juice 

 rom bottom to lop. The amount of power required 



r grinding them inns' be much Icssthan is necessary 



spring and fumincrdiouKhts, which are voiy injurious 

 to them, come on. The best manure we know of for 

 them, is that recommended in No 2, prceteni vol. of 

 N. G. Karmor, for gardens. If this is not conve- 

 nient, mould from the wood.n answers n very pood 

 purpose. They must be thinned end kept very clean, 

 which in fields may be dime with n corn harrow or 

 cultivator. W. B. 



Movnt Osceola, April, 1842. 



Mulbpiry Trees and Silk Culture. 



An old friend of ours, Geo. Dickinson of Deer- 

 feld, Mass., desires ns to say that he has 100,01^0 of 

 mulbeny trees, of the Canton, Miilticaulis, Mnroiti, 

 and several hardy varieties, which I e would be ghid 

 to dispose of on the nioei reasonable terms. The pub- 

 lic mind must presently be aroused to tbe importance 

 of silk raising and this most invaluable aiticle of cul- 

 ture. The apathy and incredulity of the public in re- 

 gard to it is deplorable. They seem now like a tired 

 and foundered horse, whom you con neither by coax- 

 ing or driving even get into a trot. What may he 

 accomplished under n new rider and since the Com- 

 missioner ol PaientB* hos mounted t le silk horse, 

 with bright spurs and a new w hip, we kIkiII sie. We 

 only add that whoever deals with Mr. Dickinson, 

 may, wc ore saiigfiefl. relv emiiely upon his honor. 



The Le Roy Female ^cnlinary• 



Mr. Editor — In some of Ihe early numbers of 

 the New Gencjce Farmer, a correspondent atlcmpt- 

 ed lo show that Female Seminaries of the present 

 day are unsuitab'e places for farmers' daughters, 

 and that a modern liberal education is calculated 

 to make them dissatisfied 'with their country hemes 

 and rural life ; and in jonr intercourse wiih the 

 agricultural community, I doubt not that you find 

 the same opinions quite prevalent, especially among 

 those who, being destitute of a good cducaticii 

 themselves, are ignorant of ils true value and in- 

 fluence, and know nothing of these inEtilutions 

 against which they disclaim. 



It is not my present intention to expose the fal- 

 lacy and injurious tendency of such sentiments, 

 but merely to express a regrel Ihnt all who cher- 

 ish them could not hare the privilege which I en- 

 joyed last week, of witnessing the examination 

 at the Le Roy Female Seminary, under the raai;- 

 agernent of Miss Emily E. Ingham, Princip.il. The 

 catalogue of pupils for the past year shows the 

 number to have been 232. The winter term clos- 

 ed on the loth of April, with four days public ex- 

 amination. Each class in the school 'was exam- 

 ined separately and thoroughly in the various 

 tracts on the subject of obtaining branches of study, and each pupil, excepting the 

 junior class, read a composition of her own pro- 

 duction. The proficiency and depth of research 

 manifested by the pupils in their examinations, 

 and the knowledge, talent ani sentiment displayed 

 in their compositions, reflected the highest credit 

 on the teachers, an 1 gave conclusive evidence that 

 they had been eminently successful in their avowed 

 aim, " to make thorough scholars, independent 

 thinkers and reasoners, and useful members of 

 society.'' 



Many of the pupils are farmers' daughters, and 

 if their parents were asked whether they think 

 the instruction imparted at this institution is ''cal. 

 culated to make them discontented and unhappy," 

 I have no doubt their reply would be in sub- 

 stancelike the expression I h"ard made by a wor- 

 thy farmer from Livingston, 'who had come to wit- 

 ness the examination and take home two lovely- 

 daughters, in parting with the principal and teachers 

 his last -n-ords were, "my only regret is, that I 

 have not more daughters to send you." 



The next term of this Seminary commences on 

 the first Wednesday of May. E. 



for cane — or, what is the same ih'ng, an equal power 

 will do it with greater rapidity. The average yield of 

 cane in Louisiana, is one thousand pounds of sugar, 

 and forty five gallons of niolnteespci acre. 



" From ibe above compainiive statement, it would 

 appear tliat one half ih's amount ol crop from com 

 would be equally, if not more ))roliinblc. 



I will only add in conclusion, that whether or not 

 sugar fiom the corn-stalk may soon become an article 

 of pi'ofii.'ible export — its maiuiliictuic in the simplest 

 I'orni will enable every family to eupply themselves 

 with this article (or common use, now bcconieto oiucli 

 n necessary of" life, and thus save a consideiable bill of 

 expense yearly paid for foreign sugars. 



(Translated at the Patent Oflice, and highly con- 

 firmatory of Mr. Webb's Essay. 



H. L. ELLSWORTH.) 



Extract frum Annnlcs de la Sonde Poli/techniqiie 

 Pialiqnr., No. "il, for October, )8"3!). 



Sr-aiROF Coi!.-».— There is no plant of greater 

 general inierest or utility than Indian corn, it can 

 servo, under n great vaiiety of dilTcrcnt forms, for 

 noorishnientof man and the d micsiic animals, and 

 above all, the application of indusltious science. 



In reference to its faccbarine qualities. Maize has 

 u^t been sufficiently appreciated. Tiavellers report, 

 ihai under the tropics the stalk of this plant is so very 

 ^accbntine that the Indians suck it as in olher places 

 they do tbe sugar cane. 



M. Pullas, who has made a great many researches 

 on this aptilicaliou of Maize, has arrived a . a remark- 

 able retull — be has found by many ex| eriments both 

 in Fiance, and miu'c recently in Africa, that this veg- 

 etable, by a simple modificiuion applied lo its culture, 

 is able to furnish a much more considerable quantity 

 of fugar, th'iii by the ordinary method. 



This method consists in deiaebing fVom the plant, 

 imuiedialely after the fecundation of tbe ovaries (after 

 tbe plant has lasselled) the young ear, and to leave it 

 to develop itself thus deprived of its fruit Arrived 

 at maturity, the stalk of the Indian corn contains 

 eryslalizable sugar in quantity very often double that 

 obtained when ibe plant is left to mature with the 

 grain. In fact, by the ordinary mode of euliure, the 

 grain is nourished at the expense of the sugar in the 

 si.ilk. as it absoibs a great quantity of ibis immediate 

 piinciple, which, liy the proces-i of nutrition, is con- 

 verted into starch. On the other hand, if iho young 

 ears are immediately destroyed, the sugar intended to 

 nourish ibem remains in them where it accumulates, 

 and the Maize plant is thus converted into a true eu 

 gar cjue, whde the fibrous pait can be mann.^ciured 

 into paper. 



The quantity of sugar ie so very great in the stalk 

 of tbe Maize deprived of the ear. that the pith of this 

 vegetable retains a sensible flavor of sugar even after 

 it has been dried, as is easily proved by examining the 

 specimens deposited by M. Pallas in the Bureau of the 

 Academy of !?ciences. These resul's ore go impor- 

 tant 08 to merit experimetits on a grander scale, which 

 may obtain thus for France a source of new industry 

 in the manulacture of sugar. 



We give no ex 

 Stearine from Lard lor Ihe purpose ol makng candles 

 equal to *ox, as it would not be generally intelligible 

 and is adapted lo the manufacture upon rather a larger 

 scale than could be used in families, as the patentee 

 advises that " To operate with advantage, the vessel 

 in which the boiling is effected should be of consider- 

 able capacity, holding' soy from ten to a hundred bar- 

 rels" — or about aa large ne a common log cabin. We 

 have no reason to doubt the success of the process. 

 Carrots. 



These are one of the most iinportant crops a farmer 

 can cultivate, whether for bis dairy, young stock, 

 sheep or swine, or whether they are considered as a 

 crop which yields rich remuneration for his labor, or 

 as one leaving his land in a healthful and active state 

 « ben taken i ff. They succeed aa well, and perhaps 

 better, when sown succcsaively on the some soil for 

 many years. The ground for them should be deeply 

 and thoroughly pulverized, and then they will send 

 their long roots to a depth which the spade has not 

 penetrated, thus to some extent, imitating the work of 

 the subsoil plough by breaking the hard soil beneath 

 them. 

 Carrots for slock should be sown eorly, before tbe j 



?ec ids Ilrport i 



: l;i«t Etm e 



