No. 8. 



AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 



115 



Btated,) nsphaltuin, pitch made from coal tar or other 

 pitch, mineral rosin, and also tar. 



Third : Animal matter|Sueh a.s butchers offal, graves, 

 flesh of any dead animals, also fish. 



The ligneous matters are ground to powder — or the 

 same edeet may be produced on them by mixture with 

 caustic (unslacked) lime. 



The bituminous manors, when brittle, arc ground 

 into powder by machinery ; but if sticky like piti h, a 

 small quantity of dry quicklime is added (o prevent 

 their sticking to the machine. When these bitumin- 

 ous ingretlients are liquid, they arc converted into va- 

 pour by dry distillation, with which v,ipor the ligne- 

 ous matters are saturated. Those ligneous matters 

 may bo, spent tanners' bark, dyers' spent wood, saw- 

 dust, &c. The soft bituminous matters may also be 

 reduced to a state of minute division, by being render- 

 ed soluble in water by the addition of caustic alk;di — 

 and in this solution the ligneous matters are steeped. 



1'hc animal matters are mixed with pulverised lig- 

 neous Qr bituminous ingredients before mentioned, and 

 are then ground into fine powder. 



This manure is deposited in the ground with the 

 seed by means of a drilling macliiue, or scattered over 

 the ground broadcast. 



The words within brackets are my additions. 



It will be immediately perceived that the particu- 

 I.ars given in this patent are calculated move to conceal 

 than to disclose the real method of concocting this 

 manure. Still, as the patent right would be vitiated 

 nnless all the ingredients were mentioned, there is no 

 doubt that every substance used is given, and that the 

 sulphur, of which I lUd not see the use, is not amongst 

 them. 



There arc two ways in which tliis preparation may 

 be made. The bituminous matters, any or all, may be 

 dry distilled, that is, inclosed in an iron retort and acted 

 on by fire, the ligneous substances exposed to the va- 

 pour proceeding from this distillation, and thoroughly 

 saturated with it. Coal gas, for illuminating cities, is 

 produced by dry distillation of bitummous coal. This 

 method, however, would require a regular manufac- 

 turing establisliment with proper machinery. 



When peat, weeds, &c., are used, then, with the tar 

 and liquid bituminous matters, they may be operated on 

 by quicklime, and sawdust added, — either of these mix- 

 tures, with finely divided animal matters, would no 

 doubt make a rich manure. The principles of the for- 

 mation of this new manure of Daniels', seem to agree 

 pretty well with those I have laid down — namely, that 

 all ligneous matters containing the basis humus or 

 geine, a source of carbonic acid gas, well saturated 

 with azote, particularly in the form of ammonia, and 

 mixed with alkaline bases, as lime, potash, or soda, are 

 highly important manures, particularly on light sandy 

 soils; and that animal and carbonaceous matters are 

 excellent ingredients to produce this saturation of 

 azote. 



Also, as a general rule, that whenever any rich ma- 

 nure, as cow or horse dung, is put on a hill on which 

 plants arc to be set, it is an excellent plan to mix a little 

 quick lime with it before covering up. The lime liber- 

 ates the ammonia, with which the earth around be- 

 comes impregnated, and the roots then lind their prop- 

 er footl with its digestive power ready for them in 

 abundance. The only precautions necessary, are to 

 guard against the lime coming into contact with the 

 roots, and also to cover up carefully, so that none of 

 the ammonia may escape into the atmosphere. 



J. E. T. 



Reuben Miner, of Peacham, Vt., has this year pro- 

 duced 612 lbs. of sugar from 80 trees. The sugar 

 producers uf Louisiana represented to the Committee 

 on Manufactures, that ihey cannot produce sugar at 

 less than 5^ cents per pound. If true, the farmers of 

 Vermont can compete with them at a profit. 



From the (London) Muric Lane Ej press. 

 LINK. 



There eeemo to be n growing difierence of opinion 

 (IS to the state in which limo should be applied to the 

 soil. Wo have always been of opinion that lime, 

 generally speaking, operntcs upon ibo soil in two 

 ways, namely, chemically and mccbnnicnily ; >vhen 

 it is merely to operate mocbnnically, as lo lighten 

 heavy clay soils, it is of no moment whether it bo np- 

 plied in a caustic elate or not ; but when intended to 

 act chemiealTy, we hold tliat it must be applied in n 

 I'ausiic elate. Wo can spcaK of our own personal 

 experience os to the practice over a very large district, 

 miiny thousand acres of rcclainrcd land in the West of 

 Knylnnd, where lime was the article generally used 

 in ibe first inetance to stimulate the land to fertility. 

 The lime is deposited or. the land in heaps n perch 

 npart each woy, the heaps of courso varying in size 

 according to thequontity per acre intended to be ap- 

 plied, but ordinarily one bushel in each heap. It is 

 ihen covered with a portion of the soil, and oufiered to 

 remain until it begins to slake into powder, ond which 

 of course varies in point of limo according to the dry- 

 ness or moisture of the weather; the heaps are then 

 turned, and sufTered cgain to stand until the small 

 lumpo remoiniiig are slacked, when it is spread upon 

 the soil whilst yet in n caustic elate, mid immediately 

 well harhiwed into the soil. Thatit is more elTeclive 

 in a caustic than in an eft'ele state, has been frequently 

 proved in cases where, from some cause, two or three 

 rows in a field have been siitfered to remain uncover- 

 ed, and i>y being exposed to heavy rain, was run to 

 mortar betiire spreading : in such eases ihe diflfercnce 

 has been manifest in the crop. We know it is the 

 practice in some districts to mix the lime with head 

 lands, diich scrapings, and any other mou'ij that cnn 

 be collecled, in large heflpri, turning it over, ond in 

 due time carting it on the land. The operation of the 

 lime, however, in this mode, is precisely the same as 

 in the mode first described, with this difference, that 

 in the former method ils immediate effect is on the toil 

 of the field, in the latter on the soil collected in the 

 heaps with which it is mixed. It has been said that, 

 inasmuch as lime in u caustic slate has been found not 

 to be injurious to anin^al life, it therefore v/ould pro- 

 duce no efl'act upon the sod ; abstractly this may be 

 true, but it is the application of moisture which causes 

 it to operate on the soil, and were water applied in 

 proper quantity, it would immediately become destruc- 

 tive to annual life. This subject is one of great im- 

 portance to the farmer, and we would strongly recom- 

 mend those who desire information upon it, to read o 

 chopter on lime in a " Treatise on Monures, their na- 

 ture, preparation, and applicotiou, by John Donald- 

 eon,'' just published by l?aldwin, in which the ques- 

 tion in all its bearings is treated in a clear, systematic, 

 and praciicol monncr. This chapter is forty pogcsin 

 lengih, and forms the best essoy on the subject with 

 which we are acquainted, and such as we can with- 

 confidence fecommend to our readers. 



Use of Camels on the Western Prairie.s. 



Mr. Editor — The writer of thij is a native of 

 Russia, and has spent many years of his life in thai 

 portion of the Empire which borders on the Ural and 

 Volga Rivers, noithof the Caspian Sea. 



I have, during the lost two years visited, many parts 

 of the United States ; lately I have been in Missouri, 

 [owa and Wisconsin, ond during my journeyings have 

 bad the fact strongly impressed on my mind tbot the 

 Camel would prove a most valuable animal for burden 

 in those prairies, and especially for traversing the coun- 

 try west even of the States I mention, where water 

 is sometimes not found for days. 



Camels used only foi voyaging, possess great speed, 

 and in the unsettled country would be found good to 

 carry moils ond convey intelligence. Their speed is 

 great,120 milesbeingacommon day's travel for speedy 

 animals. 



Some individuals have expressed to me doubts of 

 their being useful in this latitude. I mention the place 

 of my birth only to show the most doubting that, in o 

 more rigorous clime, they are extensively used. The 

 breeding of camels is not more expensive than horses. 



You no doubt are informed with regard to this sub- 

 ject, and lorn convinced con give to persons desirous 

 of breeding the cornel, valuable information through 

 the medium of your journal. They (ihe come!) con 



be obtained on the Black Sea, and if Agricnitural 

 Societies would import a few pairs, they would con- 

 fer n great advantage on this country. 



From COO to 1000 pounds, with a rider, is a com- 

 mon load for the camel ; ond ihe commonesthcrbage, 

 even weeds and twigs, will sullice for their sustononca 

 while enduring the severest labors. 



I was advised by some gentlemen, to whom I cas- 

 ually meiuioucd this subject, to write to someedilor of 

 nn agricultural paper of this matter, and being about 

 to go to the east through Canada, have thought beet 

 to write to you from this place. 

 Yours, with respect, 



H. EOHLIN. 

 Buffalo, Juli/Glh, 1842. 



The stotements in the foregoing letter certainly de. 

 serve attention. The facts given in respect to the 

 speed of the camel, their strength and capacity for 

 burden, their endurance of fatigue, ond the cheapness 

 of their support, are well established. They are as 

 susceptible of training as the horse. They are of a 

 mild ond peaceable disposition, and live to a great age. 

 We had supposed that they could not endure our cli- 

 mate, but the statement of the writer of this letter 

 shows that it is otherwise. Thot they would be use- 

 ful on the prairies and in the long journeys now con- 

 stantly undertaken in the vast and unsettled plains to- 

 wards the Rocky Mountains, into Mexico, and other 

 territories, now and likely to remain impenetrable by 

 carriages, it would seem but reasonable to believe. 

 On first reading this communication, we were dispos- 

 ed to regard it as mere matter of romance ; but upon 

 reflection we cannot but think it is worthy of consid- 

 eration. The only great difliculty would be in fin t 

 importing them. This has been done, however, in 

 eeveial instances ; and with proper care and manage- 

 ment, the race might, for any thing we can see, be as 

 easily extended as the r ace of oxen or of hor ses. — Ed. 

 Native Silk. 

 The Cincinnati Gazette give the following state- 

 ment of facts showing the progress of the silk busi- 

 ness in this country, os indicated by the bounties an- 

 nually paid in the several States : 

 " In Ohio the bounty paid to silk growers in 



1839W08 $71 10 



1841 was 2681 76 



The whole amount of reeled silk produced last year 

 is set down at 3000 pounds. In Mossachusette the 

 bounty poid in 



183Gwas $85 20 



1839 was 439 99 



1841 wos 4675 10 



In New York, the increase in the quantity of co- 

 coons produced, has been very rapid, in 1840 being 

 2000 pounds, while in 1841 in wos b426 pounds. 



In PennBylviinio, the bounty paid in 



1840 was $210180 



1841 was '1418 55 



The Rev Frederick A. Ross has probably loised 

 more silk than any other peison in the country. Dur- 

 ,n<^ the lost year he sold 300 pounds ol reeled silk m 

 Burlington, N. J., for $1600. A silk filature has 

 been recently e stablshed in Philodelpbia. 



Wool and Protection. 



Your memorialists respectfully siiggeet, that the 

 iuiroduction of every yard of broadcloth into this 

 country, is the introduction of two and a half pounds 

 nf wool into the ceuutry-and the introduction of 

 every yard of beaver and pilot cloths is the introduc- 

 lion of from three to four pounds of wool mto ho 

 country, and each st.ch yord of cloth foregoes the 

 ncome of an acre of land of the American farmer, 

 md "f course employs the ace of land of the for- 



"'Arcitizens of this great Republic, we are entitled 

 tofurownmaiket; we are entitled to the cultivation 

 ,f ouro«nlands-to the employment of our own la- 

 bor these are not unreosonable privtleges, and to 

 den; them is to destroy the orts of peace and prospert- 

 ty.—Man"facturtrt' MemonaU 



