No. li 



AM) CJARDENER'S JOUliNAL. 



Ooiober. lithe bushes ore o.xpused to binlw, ibcy 

 may bo proiocied by covering thorn with nets ur 

 gauzo. 



We L-Ioae thisnrticlo with descriptions of tha moat 

 cstceinoil varici.cs thnt nro nt prcetiit ciihivnicd, I'ul- 

 lowmg 'he nirungrnicm in iho Londun Horticnliural 

 Socieiy's Cnliilogue. The Ui>d Dnich, Wiiiic 

 Dutch, nnd Binck Niiplcs may be rccomiiundcd for 

 ■mall gardens, wht.re there is but little Sintoe. 



DESCRIPTIOXS OF TUB UtFPRRIiNT VAnilvriF.s. 



J I. liKI) CUIIHANT. 



1. Common Red. — Fruit medium size, clustera 

 rather smnii, good Ihvored, nnd lolernble bearers. 



2. Rid niitch. — Synoni/mcs : Large Red Duten, 

 New Red D.Kch, I.iigc Red, Lnrae-bronchid Red. 

 I.inj-lirutiihnd Red. Morgan's ' Red, nnd Red 

 Grape — Clusters lonsr, berries large, growth of tht 

 pKtnt stron;; nnd upright ; K.\ceedingly productive, 

 and one of the very beet eort.s. 



3 K-oiglit's Sioeet Red. — Said to be a very fine 

 kind. 



4. Knight's Eiirlij Red. — Rather early : clusters 

 and berries medium size ; color deep red ; flavor rich 

 and good. We fruited tliia variity the present year. 



5. liuiglu''! Lurge Late Red — With very large 

 berries, ol n deep red color; a superior kind. 



6. Champagne — B-'rries of a very pnle red ; clns 

 ters medium size ; this fruit is rather acid, but niakee 

 a very good vorioty for the table, from its delicate col- 

 or and transparent appennince of the berries. 



§ II. WHITK CURRAXT. 



7. Common IVhile. — Theoldkiud ofour gnidens; 

 clusters and berries medium pize. 



8. JV/iite Dutch — Si/iioJii/mr.s: New While Dutch, 

 Jeeves' Wliite, M irgnii's While. White Chrystal; 

 White Leghorn ; Pearl White. — This is the finest of 

 the white currants : the clusters are very long, nnd 

 the berries very Inrge. The wood grows upright and 

 strong ; exceedinsily productive nnd fine. 



§ III. BLACK CURRANT. 



9. Blick Nuples. — Also called the New Black : 

 the fruit is very large, often two inches in circumfer- 

 ence ; clus'.ci's large, nnd abundantly produced : fla- 

 vor good. This is the best of the block firuited ones. 

 Leaves smooth. 



1!). Common. Black English. — This is a very good 

 variety, with large beinea; it mokes a line jeily, 

 which is highly esteeuK'd for its medicinal qualities 



11. Amtriran Black. — Similar to the last, but is 

 not quite so productive. 



Kiiowledge is Power. 



In a late admirable report by Horace Mann, Esq., 

 Secretary of the B-ierd of Education of Massachu- 

 setts, the following striking exemplification is intro- 

 duced of the mnxim that "knowledge is power." 



" M. Redelet, in his work, 'Sur V Artde Butir,' 

 gives the following account of an experiment made 

 to test the ddfeient amounts of force which, under 

 ditferent circumstances, were neees.'iary to move n 

 block of squared granite weighing l.OSiJlhs. 



" hi order to move this bb>ck along the Door of a 

 roughly chiselled quarry, it required a force equal to 

 7.53 lbs. 



" To draw the eamo alone over a floor of planks, 

 it required a force equal to G52 lbs. 



" f laced on a platform of wood, the requisite force 

 was reduced to 182 lbs. 



" Placed on rollers of three Indies in diameter, and 

 a force equal lo 34 lbs. was sufficient 



" Substituting n wooden for a st-me floor, nnd the 

 requisite force wns2.S lbs. 



" With the s me rollers on a wooden platform, it 

 required a force equal to 23 lbs. only. 



"At this point," says Mr. Monn, " the experi- 

 ments of M. Redelet siop|ied. But. by iinurove- 

 ments since eflected, in the invention and rise of loco 

 motives on railroads, ntrnciion or draft of tight 

 pounds is sufficient to move a ton of 2,940 lbs.; so 

 that a force of lesa than four pounds would now be 

 sufficient to move the granite block of 1,080 Ihs., that 

 is, one hundred nnd eighty-eight times less than was 

 required in ihe first instance. When, therefore, mere 

 animal or muscular force was used to move the body, 

 .it required aboul two thirds of its own weiiilit to ac- 

 complish the oiiject ; but, by adding the contrivances 

 of mind to the strength of muscle, the force necessary 

 to remove it is reduced more ibnn one hundi-ed and 

 eighty-eight times. Here, then, is a partnership, in 

 which mitid cimiributes one hundred and eigliiy-eigljl 

 shares oi the stock to one slrire contributed by muscle; 

 or while hriUe strength represents one man, ingenuity 

 or inteUigenee represents one hundred and eighty- 

 eight men. — Nat. Int. ^ 



The following statement made n pnit of the Lec- 

 ture of James Smith of Deanston, on Subsoil Plough 

 ing nnd Draining. It may surprise many of onr fur- 

 meisto learn the expenses of cultivation in Great 

 Britain ; nnd we think it will not surprise them less to 

 see the rienlts ofsnch culiivntion. The extraordinary 

 profits of the New liusbaudry compared with the old 

 system are astonishing ; nnd exhibit the healthful and 

 liberal compensations of science, skill, judicious ex- 

 penditure nnd well d'rected labor. They should serve 

 lo electrify some of our farmers, who are tatislred 

 with a crop of twenty bushels of wheat and forty of 

 Indian Corn, andothcr ci'opson the ."aino scale. — Ed. 



I have received from nlunded proprietor and prnc.i- 

 cal farmer in Ayrehire, the following siatemeut of the 

 results which have attended ihe practice ol thoroirgh 

 draining and subsoil jdoughiug, according to this sys- 

 tem : — 



IMPROVED MODERN HUSBANDRY COM- 

 PARED WITH THE OLD SYSTEM. 



The following important facts have been commn- 

 nicoted to the Directors of the General Ai,'riculturnl 

 A-eociation by a very experienced practical agricul- 

 turist : — 



I — Old Systkm. 



Statement showing the expense of cuhivatinn of, 

 together with the return from, an acre (Scotch) of 

 cold, stifl'soil, with a hnrd retentive sub-soil, before 

 improvement by draining, &c. ; lease for 18 j'ente ; 

 rent, Sos per acre. 



t)0 bolls lime, at lOd. per boll £2 10 



Carting nnd spre.Tding 1 10 



Firstctop — ploughing, seed, and harrowing 1 i8 

 Second do do 115 



Grass bceds nnd harrowing 10 



Rent for six years, nt 253 7 10 



£15 13 

 Return of a '^ix. Year's Rotation. 



1st — 5 qunriers oats (with straw) £6 



ad— 5 do do 6 



3d —85 stones hay, nt 3/. per 100 stones. . 2 11 C 



4ih— Pasture, nt2()s 10 



5th-Ditto " 1 



6th-Ditto " 1 



£17 11 



The same repented till the end of the lease, the 

 land gelling worse instead of improving. 



II- — New Svstkhi. 



Statement showing the expense of improvement, 

 cnUivation, nnd return from an acre of the same land, 

 during a lease of IS year's ; rent the same. 

 Expense of the first Six Vr^irs. 

 Draining witli tiles at 1.5 ft. interval, 25 



in deep; tiles 21s. per thousand £7 



Lime, coning and spresdina 4 



Ploughing, harrowing nnd seed 1 18 



Secoi.d crop — ploughing, harrowing, nnd 



seed 1 16 



£14 14 



E.xpenseof Gieen Crop, viz. 

 Sub-soil and other ploHghings..£4 

 Grubbing, horse hoeini;, and 



weeding 1 10 



Dung, lOi ; lime, U. 5.9 11 5 0-16 15 



Ploughing for wheat ond seed 2 6 



Grass seeds, harrowing, nnd rolling 15 



(lent for six years, at 25s 7 10 



Interest on expense for dinining for five 



years, at 5 per cent, per annum 1 15 



£44 5 

 Return of the first Six Years. 



1st — 8 quarters oats (with straw) £10 



2nd— 8 do do 10 



"nl — Potatoes J; turnips, |. at per acre. 11 



4th — 4 quarters wheat, at Gils 12 



5ih — 150 stones hay, at 3Z. ; foggage 53. 4 15 



6th -^Pasture, at per acre 2 



£J9 15 



Expense of the second Six Years. 



1st— Ploughing, harrowing, ond. •'eed £ 3 13 



■2nd— do do do I 10 



3rd — Green crop, without subsoil ploueh- 

 iug .".. 12 



175 



4ih — Plonghing for wheat nnd seed 2 4 



5th — GruBs seeds, hnrrowing, and rolling. 15 



Rom for six ycniB, nt 2.)3 7 10 



Interest on draining, six years 2 2 



£-M 3 

 Return far the second Six "Years 



1st — quarters outs (with Biravv) £11 5 



2nd— 9 do do 11 5 



3rd — Green crop — at least 12 



4ih — 5 quartei-8 wheal, nlCOa 15 



5lb— 'iOOetunea hay, at :;i.; foggage, Ss. 5 



6th — Pasture, at per acre 2 



£57 15 



The expense and return of the third six years will 

 bo much the same as thnt of the second. 



AahTIlACT. 



I. — Unimproced Lands. 



Expense during a lease of 18 years £46 19 



Return do do .52 13 



Profit per acre during the whole lease. .£5 14 



II — Improved Land. 



Expense of the first aix ye-irs 44 5 



do second do 23 3 



do third do 28 3 



£1W) II 



Return of the first six years 4:) 15 



do second do 57 15 



do third d.) 57 15 



£165 5 

 Profit per acre during the whole lease. .£ 64 14 



The nbove S3'stem of cropping is not one to be gen- 

 erally recommended ; it is merely ad-vpied becausB 

 generally followed. If the four or five course rota- 

 tion were adopted, the profit per acre during the lease 

 would be considernlilv above the sum rneniioned. 



IiiQUiri's iu rclereiiccto Oriaiel-,' Mrinnie, and 



likewise Gypsum—adrli&ised to the Royal 



Agricultural Society. 



Mr. T. Smith, Secr-etnry of the B-ard of Agricul- 

 lure of Novo Scotia observes in reference to Daniel's 

 manure. 



" Is the new Patent Manure composed of pulverized 

 wood sntnraled with bituminous mnttor, united with 

 soda and lime, of more value than the lime and soda 

 used without the oiher anicles ? Soda rs certainly a 

 powerful manure, but too expensive. We have in 

 Nova Scotia large tracts in wh.ch the soil contains so 

 much rron vitriol, (thai is green copperas — rust of iron 

 united to oil of vitriol, cbemicnlly termed sulphuric 

 acid) that lime in such quoutities as arc commonly 

 used, has no sensible effect ; but on such soils, ojster 

 shells, cornl-grnvel, or old plaster, have a permanent 

 good etlect, owing piobnbly to the qunntity of cnrbon- 

 ic acid gas which is disengnged from the cnlcnreous or 

 chalky substances by the action upon them of the vit- 

 riol or sulphuric ncid which is constantly forming from 

 the decaying pyrites, or sulphnret of iron in the sub- 

 jacent rock. Wood nshes, even afttr '• leaching" by 

 the soap boilers, make a permanent nnd powerfiil ma- 

 nure; they coninin here a large qunntity of sulphnlo 

 of potash. It is nliservoble, ihnt nt n great dictonca 

 from the sea, ashes are of less valtre, while gypsum, 

 which bos no cflect near the sea, is on many crops 

 very useful in inland situations. Ji may also be ob- 

 served, thot very high winds here sometimes throw 

 showers of salt wn er over the land, lo the distance of 

 twenty or five nnd twenty miles from the sen, the wa- 

 ter being sometinres much enlter than sen water when 

 It lalls. As the line that marks the silnaiiou where 

 gyi'Sirm commences to be useful, is near that which 

 limits thctse salt showers, .mny it not be that the salt 

 prevents ihe gypsum I'rom operating?'' 



The Thames Tdn.xkl. — The whole of the tunnel, 

 nearly 1,2U0 feet in length, is now compleicii, nnd 

 will he opened in a very short time ns a public ihor- 

 oughfare for foot passengers ; the workmen are busi- 

 ly engoged in creeling the staircase on the Wnppirg 

 side, which is all that remains to complete this exira- 

 ordinary work. The machinery, stenm engines, and 

 surplus materials ore odvertised to be sold by auction, 

 by Messrs. Pullen. including ihe powerful apparotua 

 called " the shield," by meara of which lie work 

 wos accomplishek. It is taid to contain 150 tons of 

 iron, and to have cost £10,000. 



