. LARD AND LARD ADULTERATIONS. 505 



report as follows, ttie standard tint in each grade being produced by 

 dissolving the stated number of units of each pigment named in 100 

 units of water. For this purpose ordinary dry-cake watfir colors are 

 most convenient: 



(1) Pure olive oil yields a precipitate tinged like 5 units of Naples 

 yellow dissolved in 100 units of water. 



(2) Olive oil containing 5 per cent, of cotton oil yields the tint of 5 

 units Naples yellow and 5 units of dark chrome yellow in 100 units of 

 water. 



(3) Olive oil containing 10 per cent, cotton seed yields a tint equal to 

 20 units Naples yellow, 6.J units chrome yellow, and 1 unit Chinese ver- 

 milion in 100 units of water. 



(4) Olive oil containing 20 per cent, cotton seed yields a tint equal to 

 GJ units Naples yellow, G units chrome yellow, and 1 units Chinese 

 vermilion similarly dissolved. 



(5) Olive oil with 50 per cent, cotton oil yields a tint equal to 5 units 

 Naples yellow, 5 units chrome yellow, and 5 units of vermilion. 



(G) Pure cotton oil yields a precipitate having the color of 3 units 

 chrome yellow, 10 units of vermilion, 1 unit of burnt sienna, and 1 of 

 natural sepia in 100 units of water. 



Other seed oils, including sesame, camomile, peanut, and poppy seed, 

 give a precisely similar series of tints in proportion to the degree of their 

 admixture with olive oil, except that the colors are more inclined to the 

 reddish shade which would be produced by covering the corresponding 

 cotton-seed tint with a thin wash of carmine. These gradations of color 

 are most marked when the liquid in the tube is at about the stated 

 temperature, 40 P. As the precipitate is further chilled to the freezing 

 point the colors fade and lose their individuality. Such is the system 

 which is now expected will enable purchasers and consumers of olive 

 oil in this country to detect the adulterations, which have become so 

 general that very few brands or firm names are any longer a guaranty 

 of purity. When it is remembered that more than 2,000,000 gallons 

 of cotton-seed oil are exported from the United States to Marseilles 

 in a single year, and that more than half of this vast quantity is used 

 for adulterating olive oils, a large part of which are re-imported to the 

 United States through a 30 per cent, duty, the importance of some new 

 and better means of controlling the integrity of this trade will be appa- 

 rent. Some time ago 1,000 tierces of American lard were stopped at 

 the wharf in Marseilles, and the consignees subjected to a costly pro- 

 cess, which is not yet terminated, because the lard was found upon 

 analysis by the customs officers to contain 10 per cent, of cottonseed 

 oil. This seizure was based upon the fact that, while lard is entitled 

 to entry duty free, cottonseed oil bears a duty of G francs per 100 kilo, 

 grams, and this adulteration of a free article with a dutiable one is held 

 to be fraudulent. The least that can happen to the shippers in this case 

 will be that they must pay the duty on 100 tierces of cottonseed oil and 



