LARD AND LARD ADULTERATIONS. 523 



i'at from it, and probably the richer the fat in stearino, ami this would apply to the 

 lard rendered from a large number of hogs of average hue quality, as compared with 

 the lard rendered from a large number of average inferior quality; samples drawn 

 from different parts of a large tank holding 250 ierces might vary a little, depending 

 upon whether the lard put into it was thoroughly mixed, at what temperature or how 

 fast it had been cooled, and other conditions. 



TESTIMONY OF C. GILBERT WHEELER.* 



lu treating the lard the particular process upon which ho relies although he used 

 others, some of which pointed to the same conclusions and others to no special result 

 is based upon the insolubility of pure stearic acid in a mixture of absolute alcohol 

 and ether. In treating by that method he takes a given amount of lard and nine times 

 as much of a mixture, composed of equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether, places 

 them in a closed vessel, with a graduated scale upon it, agitates, and exposes to alow 

 temperature, the agitation being repeated a few times ; then, after standing for about 

 twelve hours, the supernatant liquid is poured off and as much more of a fresh sup- 

 ply is added, and again shaken ; after standing again for about twelve hours the 

 liquid is entirely poured off, the residue collected, dried and weighed, and its amount 

 compared with that obtained in the same way from both pure lard and impure lard. 

 Pure lard should give a certain per cent, of residue, impure lard gives more ; the res- 

 idue so obtained is pure stearine. In the case of pure lard rendered by himself for a 

 standard of comparison in his investigations of the samples in question, the amount 

 of residue obtained was nine-tenths of 1 per cent. In the samples he was to examine, 

 No. 1 gave 3.G per cent., No. 2 gave 3.29 per cent., No. 3, gave 2.75 per cent. The proc- 

 ess was conducted at a temperature of about 75 degrees Fahrenheit; the amounts of 

 laid taken were, for the pure lard, 10 grams ; of sample No. 1, 10 grams ; No. 2, 5 grams, 

 and No. 3, 5 grams. 



The evidence of which an abstract has been given was on the side of 

 the prosecution and the charge of adulteration appears to be well 

 founded in the light of the evidence given. Following is a brief ab- 

 stract of the chemical evidence introduced by the defense : 



TESTIMONY OF DK. ROBERT TILLEY.t 



Dr. Tilley made a microscopical examination of the samples in lite and gave the fol- 

 lowing certificate: 



CHICAGO, June 29, 1883. 



This is to certify that on the 9th day of June, 1883, I received from Prof. W. S. 

 Haines samples of lard labeled, respectively, No. 1 Fowler, No. 2 Fowler, No. 3 Fowler; 

 tliat I have examined the same microscopically, and that I can find no evidence of 

 adulteration ; and consequently, in the absence of such evidence, I believe said samples 



to be pure lard. 



ROBERT TILLEY, M. D. 



Dr. Tilley added the following explanatory remarks : $ 



He has examined fats when crystallized in the manner described by Mr. Ifoskins; 

 he has never had a sample of pure palmitiue to examine, and therefore can not say 

 whether there is any difference between the crystals of it and the crystals of stearine; 

 he can not say whether the appearance of the crystals, in the methods used by him- 

 self, depends upon the relative proportions of stearine and palrnitine, because he does 

 not know of any means, apart from temperature and pressure, of thoroughly isolat- 

 ing palmitine and he has never done it; he is of the opinion that the greater part of 

 the solid fat of either the beef or the hog is stearine, and not palmitine; the const! t- 



* Op. cit., p. 160. t Op. cit., pp. 165, 106. | Op. cit., pp. 167, 168. 



