LARD AND LARD ADULTERATIONS. 541 



<test he separated the oil, and tested it, which they did not do ; if they had done this 

 <they would have got the cottonseed oil colors they say was absent in their treat- 

 ment of it. The cottonseed oil becomes so diluted when mixed with the mass of 

 lard that it is more difficult to detect it in the lard itself than in the separated oil. 

 He did not get the color from the Fowler lard, but he did get it when he treated the 

 oil from that lard alone. He has tried this test recently on the oil from a sample of lard 

 which contained cottonseed oil, and he got the colors they describe and then tried it ou 

 .some prime lard oil and got no such color. The color test by sulphuric acid, if the oil is 

 treated, is a valuable test for cottonseed oil, but his experiments show that the cot- 

 tonseed oil may be so well refined that it will not answer to the test quite so well 

 -as for oil in the less refined state. 



He has tried the process of obtaining crystals for microscopic examination by a so- 

 lution. He took a sample of the Fowler lard and a sample of pure lard for a com- 

 parison, and treated them by that method, and after four or five hours, when half tho 

 ether was evaporated, there was in the Fowler lard an abundant deposit of crystals, 

 in the pure lard none yet; he examined those crystals from the Fowler lard, and 

 found them to be nearly all crystals of stearine, with a small sprinkling of crystals of 

 palmitiue; the sample of pure lard was allowed to stand four hours longer, the ether 

 then being reduced to one-quarter of its original bulk ; from this he got a small crop 

 of crystals; on examining these by the microscope he found them to be mainly crys- 

 tals of palmitine, with some of stearine; this process leads to determining whether 

 the crystals are those of stearine or of palmitiue, when it is carefully applied ; the gen- 

 tlemen on the other side all acknowledge they do not know the difference between 

 the crystals of stearine and those of palmitine; his treatment by this process showed 

 that the Fowler sample of lard had a great deal more stearine in it than the pure 

 lard had. 



He thinks the gentlemen have greatly exaggerated objections to the method pur- 

 sued by Mr. Hoskins in testing by the pattern process; he has seen that process tried 

 on samples of lard and of tallow, and on mixtures of lard and tallow, and found quite 

 different patterns produced in these specimens, when the-process was properly applied. 



He has tried Husson's method, but did not get satisfactory results from it ; ho had 

 mo difficulty in understanding what was meant by 90 degrees alcohol and 66 degrees 

 ether ; both mean the degrees measured by the hydrometer, and are the equivalent of 

 3>er cent. ; it is a quite usual mode of expressing the strength of such substances in 

 ^French. 



DECISION OP THE BOARD OF TRADE.* 



The board find that the charges preferred may be properly summarized under the 

 .following general heads, to wit : 



First. That a certain lot of 250 tierces of lard, manufactured by the Anglo- Ameri- 

 can Packing and Provision Company, branded "James Wright &Co. Prime Steam 

 Lard" and marked U <j69\10," which lot of lard was stored in a provision warehouse 



of the Anglo-American Packing and Provision Company, and represented by a ware- 

 house receipt issued by said company having been by it put upon the market and 

 sold as and for prime steam lard was delivered to complainants in the course of busi- 

 ness and paid for by them as prime steam lard, but was not in fact prime steam lard, 

 as required by the rules of the Board of Trade, but was adulterated and contained 

 substances other than hog lard, to wit, tallow, vegetable oils, etc., as was said to have 

 been stated by competent and skilled chemists who had analyzed the same, and as 



^aid complainants charge and believe to be the fact. 



Second. That on the first day of June, 1883, said Fowler Brothers tendered to said 



complainants a certain lot or lots of lard brands and marks, other than prime steam 

 Hard, not stated which tender purported to be in fulfillment of a contract made by 



* Op. c it., pp. 270-272. 



