544 FOODS AND FOOD ADULTERANTS. 



Mr. Marks (continuing) said that in order to meet Mr. Pickford's objections, he 

 would put the matter iu this way : On examining the sample in question, Dr. Browu 

 found that his researches, which had occupied him more than eighteen mouths ago 

 had furnished him with knowledge that had euabjed him to discover that the sample 

 contained cottonseed oil. All he was going to say before was that eighteen mouths 

 ago Dr. Browu could not have done so. [Laughter.] 



During the last mouth, when Dr. Brown analyzed the sample, ho found there was a 

 considerable proportion of cottonseed oil, and also of steariue, either mutton or beef 

 fat. Lard adulterated in that way, Dr. Brown would show, was a very inferior arti- 

 cle indeed, was not of the same value, aud was not as useful for the purposes for 

 which genuine lard is used. The cottonseed oil produced in one seasou in the United 

 States amounted, he believed, to 180 or 200 million pounds weight. Of that a very 

 large percentage, pretty nearly half, was used by manufacturers of what was called 

 refined lard, but which the prosecution suggested was adulterated lard. The price 

 of cottonseed oil was only about 22s. Gd. a hundredweight, and the price of beef fat 

 ouly 30s. a hundredweight, whereas the price of pure lard was 42s. Gd. a hundred- 

 weight. Therefore it would be seen that when such large quantities of cottonseed 

 oil were used, enormous profits resulted to the manufacturer, who could substitute 

 for the more valuable article a cheaper one. Every week there came into Liverpool 

 20,OCO to 30,000 worth of lard, and the whole of that he presumed was used iu the 

 preparation of food. It was consequently a serious matter for the consumer, as well 

 as a matter of considerable importance to the fair traders iu lard, who offered for sale 

 the genuine article. 



Inspector Baker deposed to visiting the defendauts' warehouse, and purchasing a 

 bucket of lard ou which was the name of Fairbank - & Co. 



Mr. Pickford did not cross-examine. 



Dr. Campbell Brown, examined by Mr. Marks, stated that on the 15th of May h-' 

 received the bucket of lard from the last witness aud analyzed it. The result of his 

 analysis was that he found the lard to contain a very largo quantity of cottonseed 

 oil and beef or muttou fat. Ho estimated the total quantity as considerably more 

 than 40 per cent. Ho really believed the quantity \\ as more than 50 per cent., but he 

 was certain that it was more than 40 per cent. 



Cross-examined by Mr. PICKFORD : 



Q. I suppose you mean the cottonseed oil and the beef or mutton fat together 

 made 40 per cent. ? A. Yes. 



Q You don't distinguish the one from the other ? A. I have not done so. 



<^. Can you do so? A. I can't tell the precise quantity of beef fat. 



Q. Then, I assume, if you can't determine the quantity of beef fat, that you can't 

 determine the quantity of cottonseed oil? A. I am quite certain there was more 

 than 30 per cent, of cottonseed oil, but I can't determine more. I can't estimate ex- 

 actly the quantity of beef fat, and therefore I can't tell precisely the quantity of cot- 

 tonseed oil over 30 per cent. 



Q. Does not your test tell you anything about the beef-fat stearine ? A. It tells a 

 good deal about it, but not the precise quantity. 



Q. How do your tests show the presence of these things? A. I think you would 

 require to attend a course of lectures on chemistry before you do it. [Laughter.] 



Mr. RAFFLES. I think we had better not have that. 



By Mr. PiCKFORD : 



Q. What kind of tests do you use ? A. I put the whole thing through seven or 

 eight processes and then argue the thiug out. I have no individual test. 



Q. Supposing there was no cottonseed oil at all ? A. Yes, but there is. [Laugh- 

 ter.] 



Q. Supposing there was no cottonseed oil, but beef fat ouly added to the lard, 

 could you distinguish that fat from tho other fat f A. I can distinguish beef fat from 

 hog'a fat. 



