CHAPTER XVI. 



Discredits. HEAD. 



Showing full vigor; 

 Elegant in contour; 

 Discredit, v. s. 1-8; s. 1-4; m. 1-2; v. m. 



2 



nts. 

 e. 1. 



SCALE OF POINTS OF THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, WITH A 

 UNIFORM SYSTEM OF DISCREDITS. 



[The items of description following each head of the scale should be passed upon separately, 

 and the amount of discredit marked down on the margin. The uniform discredits to be givec are 

 noted under each full description. V. s. means very slight deficiency; s., slight; m., marked; v. m., 

 very marked; e. extreme. The difference between the sum of such discredits and 100 will be the 

 standard of the animal by this scale.] 



FOR BULLS. 



Discredits. CROPS. 



Comparatively full; ) 4 



Nearly level with the shoulders; f points. 

 Discredit, v. s. 1-4; s. 1-2; m. 1; v. m. 1 1-2; e. 2. 



CHINE. 



Straight; ) 



Broadly developed; 

 Open; 

 Discredit, v. s. 1-8; s. 1-4; m. 1-2; v. m. 3-4; e. 1. 



BARREL. 

 Well rounded; 

 With large abdomen ; 

 Strongly and trimly held up; 

 Discredit, v. s. 1-4; s. 1-2; m. 1; v. m. 1 1-2; e. 2. 



LOIN AND HIPS. 

 Broad; 

 Level or nearly level between hook 



bones; 



Level and strong laterally ; 

 Spreading from the chine broadly 



and nearly level; 



The hook bones fairly prominent; j 

 Discredit, v. s. 1-8; s. 1-4; m. 1-2; v. m. 3-4; e. 1. 

 RUMP. 



2 

 points. 



1 

 point. 



FOREHEAD. 



Broad between the eyes; / 2 



Dishing; f points. 



Discredit, v. s. 1-8; s. 1-4; m. 1-2; v. m. 3-4; e. 1. 



FACE. 



Of medium length; 1 



Clean and trim especially under 



eyes; 



The bridge of the nose straight ; 

 The muzzle broad; 



Discredit, s. 1-8; m. 1-4; e. 1-2. 



EARS. 



Of medium size; 

 Of fine texture; 

 The hair plentiful and soft; 

 The secretions oily and abundant ; 

 Discredit, m. 1-8; e. 1.4. 



EYES. 

 Large; 



Full; ( 2 



Mild; { points. 



Bright; 



Discredit, s. 1-8; m. 1-4; e. 1-2. 



HORNS. 

 Short; 



Of medium size at base; 

 Gradually diminishing toward tips ; 

 Oval; 2 



Inclining forward; points. 



Moderately curved inward; 

 Of fine texture; 

 In appearance waxy; 



Discredit, m. 1-8; e. 1-4. 



Lor 



NECK. 



Finely crested(if animal is mature) 

 Fine and clean at juncture with 



the head; 



Nearly free from dewlap; 

 Strongly and smoothly joined to 



should 



5 

 points. 



4 

 points. 



lers; 

 Discredit, v. s. 1-8; s. 1-4; m. 1-2; v. m. 3-4; e. 3. 



SHOULDERS. 



Of medium height; ] 



Of medium thickness and smooth- 

 ly rounded at top; 

 Broad and full at sides; 

 Smooth over front; 

 Discredit, v. s. 1-8; s. 1-4; m. 1-2; v. m. 3-4; e. 1. 



CHEST. 



Deep and low; 



Well filled and smooth in the bris- 

 ket; 8 

 Broad between the forearms; f points. 

 Full in the foreflanks (or through 



at the heart) ; 

 Discredit, v. s. 1-4; s. 1-2; m. 1; v. m. 11-2; e. 2. 



5 

 points. 



Broad ; 



5 



points. 



5 

 points. 



High; 



Nearly level laterally; 

 Comparatively full above the thurl; J 

 Discredit, v. s. 1-8; s. 1-4; m. 1-2; v. m. 3-4; e. 1. 



THURL. 



High: / 4 



Broad; f points. 



Discredit, v. s. 1-4; s. 1-2; m. 1; v. m. 1 1-2; e. 2. 



QUARTERS. 

 Deep; 

 Broad; 



Straight behind; 

 Wide and full at sides; 

 Open and well arched in the twist; 

 Discredit, v. s. 1-8; s. 1-4; m. 1-2; v. m. 3-4; e. 1. 



FLANKS. 



Deep; I 2 



Full; \ points. 



Discredit, v.s. 1-8; s. 1-4: m. 1-2; v.m. 3-4; e. 1. 



LEGS. 



Comparatively short; 

 Clean and nearly straight; 

 Wide apart; 

 Firmly and squarely set under the 



body; 



Arms wide, strong and tapering; 

 Feet of medium size, round, solid 



and deep ; 

 Discredit, v. s. 1-8; s. 1-4; m. 1-2; v. m. 3-4; e. 1. 



TAIL. 

 Large at base, the setting well") 



back; 2 



Tapering finely to switch; 

 The end of the bone reaching to 



hocks or below; 

 The switch full; 



Discredit, s. 1-8; m 1-4; e. 1-2. 



6 

 points. 



( 1 JO) 



