32 cosmos. 



earth, and " probably extends as far as the moon." It was 

 of " a fiery nature, a brightly-beaming, pure fire-air,* 1 of great 

 subtlety and eternal serenity." This definition perfectly co- 

 incides with its etymological derivation from aldetv, to burn, 

 for which Plato and Aristotle, from a predilection for me- 

 chanical views, singularly enough substituted another (aei- 

 Oelv), on account of the constancy of the revolving and rota- 

 tory raovement.f The idea of the' subtlety and tenuity of 

 the upper ether does not appear to have resulted from a 

 knowledge that the air on mountains is purer and less 

 charged with the heavy vapors of the earth, or that the dens- 

 ity of the strata of air decreases with their increased height. 

 In as far as the elements of the ancients refer less to mate- 

 rial differences of bodies, or even to their simple nature (their 

 incapacity of being decomposed), than to mere conditions of 

 matter, the idea of the upper ether (the fiery air of heaven) 

 has originated in the primary and normal contraries of heavy 

 and light, loiver and upper, earth and fire. These extremes 



* Empedocles, v. 216, calls the ether na^avouv, brightly-beaming, 

 and therefore 6elf-luminous. 



t Plato, Cratyl., 410 B., where we meet with the expression deiQerjp. 

 Aristot., De Ccelo, 1, 3, p. 270, Bekk., says, in opposition to Anaxagoras: 

 aWepa 7tpuauvop.aaav tov dvuTdro) tottov, dizb tov -delv del tov dtdiov 

 Xpovov ■d-ep.evoc ttjv eirovvfiiav avrip. 'Avat-ayopaQ de KaraKexp?}Tai tu 

 ovofxarc tovtu ov koAwc ■ bvofidfci yap aWepa dvrl izvpoc. We find this 

 more circumstantially referred to in Aristot., Meteor., 1, 3, p. 339, lines 

 21-34, Bekk.: " The so-called ether has an ancient designation, which 

 Anaxagoras seems to identify with fire ; for, according to him, the up- 

 per region is full of fire, and to be considered as ether ; in which, in- 

 deed, he is correct. For the ancients appear to have regarded the body 

 which is in a constant state of movement, as possessing a divine nature, 

 and therefore called it ether, a substance with which we have nothing 

 analogous. Those, however, who hold the space surrounding bodies to 

 be fire no less than the bodies themselves, and who look upon that 

 which lies between the earth and the stars as air, would probably re- 

 linquish such childish fancies if they properly investigated the results of 

 the latest researches of mathematicians." (The same etymology of this 

 word, implying rapid revolution, is referred to by the Aristotelian, or 

 Stoic, author of the work De Mundo, cap. 2, p. 392, Bekk.) Professor 

 Franz has correctly remarked, "That the play of words in the designa 

 tion of bodies in eternal motion (crw/za del deov) and of the divine (delov) 

 alluded to in the Meteor -ologica, is strikingly characteristic of the Greek 

 typ.3 of imagination, and affords additional evidence of the inaptitude of 

 the ancients for etymological inquiry." Professor Buschmann calls at- 

 tention to a Sanscrit term, dschlra, ether or the atmosphere, which looks 

 very like the Greek aldrjp, with which it has been compared by Vans 

 Kennedy, in his Researches into the Origin and Affinity of the principal 

 Languages of Asia and Europe, 1828, p. 279. This word may also be 

 referred to the root (as, asch), to which the Indians attach the signifi 

 cation of shining or beamiug. 



