TRUE VOLCANOES. 237 



The volcano of Schiwelutsch (Kamtschatka) : the northeastern sum- 

 mit 10,551 feet, according to Erman.* 



uEtna:f according to Smyth, 10,871 feet. 



Peak of Teneriffe: 12,161 feet, according to Charles Deville.J 



The volcano Gunung Semeru, the highest of all mountains on the 

 island of Java : 12,237 feet, according to Junghuhn's barometrical 

 measurement. 



The volcano jErebus, lat. 77° 32', the nearest to the south pole :§ 

 12,366 feet, according to Sir James Ross. 



The volcano Arc/cEus,\\ in Cappadocia, now Erdschisch-Dagh, south- 

 southeast of Kaisarieh: 12,603 feet, according to Peter von 

 TschichatschefF. 



* Erman, Reise, bd. iii., s. 271, 275, and 297. The volcano Schi- 

 welutsch, like Pichincha, has a form which is rare among active vol- 

 canoes, namely, that of a long ridge (chrebet), upon which single domes 

 and crests (grebni) rise. Dome-shaped and conical mountains are 

 always indicated in the volcanic district of the peninsula by the name 

 sopJcL 



f For an account of the remarkable agreement of the trigonomet- 

 rical with the barometrical measurement of Sir John Herschel, see 

 Cosmos, vol. i., p. 28. 



I The barometrical measurement of Sainte-ClaireDeville ( Voy. aux 

 Antilles, p. 102-118), in the year 1842, gave 3706 metres, or 12,161 

 feet, nearly agreeing with the result (12,184 feet) of Borda's second 

 trigonometrical measurement in the year 1776, which I was enabled 

 to publish for the first time from the manuscript in the Depot de la 

 Marine (Humboldt, Voy. mix Regions Equinox., t. i., p. 116 and 275- 

 287). Borda's first trigonometrical measurement, undertaken in con- 

 junction with Pingrc in the year 1771, gave, instead of 12,184 feet, 

 only 11,142 feet. The cause of the error was the false reading of an 

 angle (33' instead of 53'), as was told mc by Borda himself, to whose 

 great personal kindness I was indebted for much useful advice before 

 ray voyage on the Orinoco. 



§ I follow Pentland's estimate of 12,367 feet, especially because in 

 Sir James Ross's Voyage of Discovery in the Antarctic Regions, vol. i., 

 p. 216, the height of the volcano, tlie eruptions of smoke and flame 

 from which were seen even in the daytime, is given in round numbers 

 at 12,400 feet. 



II With regard to Argaeus, which Hamilton was the first to ascend 

 and measure barometrically (at 12,708 feet, or 3905 metres), see Peter 

 von Tschichatscheff', Asie Mineure (1853), t, i., p. 441-449, and 571. 

 In his excellent work (Researches in Asia Minor), William Hamilton 

 obtained, as the mean of one barometrical measurement and several 

 angles of elevation, 13,000 feet ; but if the height of Kaisarieh is 1000 

 feet less than he supposes, it would be only 12,000 feet. See Hamil- 

 ton, in Trans. Geolog. Society, vol. v., pt. 3, 1840, p. 596. Twvard the 

 southeast from Ar^jeus (Erdschisch-Dagh), in the great plain of Eregli, 

 numerous very small cones of eruption rise to the south of the village 

 of Karabunar and the mountain group Karadscha-Dagh. One of these, 

 furnished with a crater, has a singular shape like that of a ship, run- 

 ning out in front like a beak. This crater is situated in a salt Jake, 

 on the road from Karabunar to Eregli, at a distance of fully four miles 



