274 COSMOS. 



and eruption, lavas, scoriae, pumice-stones, and obsidians) 

 characterize them, without reference to any tradition, as 

 volcanoes which have long been extinct. Unopened tra- 

 chytic cones and domes, or unopened long trachytic ridges, 

 such as Chimborazo and Iztaccihuatl, are excluded. This 

 is also the sense given to the word volcano by Leopold von 

 Buch, Charles Darwin, and Friedrich Naumaun, in their 

 geographical narratives. I give the name of still active 

 volcanoes to those which, when seen from their immediate 

 vicinity, still exhibit signs of greater or less degrees of their 

 activity, and some which have also presented great and well- 

 attested eruptions in recent times. The qualification "seen 

 from their immediate vicinity" is of great importance, as 

 the present existence of activity is denied to many volcanoes, 



feet, and mentions new eruptions in the year 1853. According 

 to intelligence communicated to me by the distinguished Ameri- 

 can astronomer, Gilliss, a new volcano rose out of the depths in 

 the interior of the Cordillera, between Antuco and the Descabe- 

 zado, ou the 25th of November, 1847, forming a hill* of 320 feet. 

 - The sulphureous and fiery eruptions were seen for more than a 

 3'ear by Domeyko. Far to the eastward of the volcano of An- 

 tuco, in a parallel chain of the Andes, Poppig states that there 

 are two other active volcanoes — Punhamuidda* andUnalavquen*. 



Volcano of Callaqui. 



Volcan de VUlarica* lat. 39° 14'. 

 . Volcano of Chinal, lat. 39° 35'. 



Volcan de Panguipulli* lat. 40|, according to Major Philippi. 



(c?.) Between the parallels of Valdivia and the southernmost Cape of 

 the Island of Chiloe : 



Volcano of Ranco, 



Volcano of Osorno or Llanquthue, lat^l° 9', height 7443 feet. 



Volcan de Calbnco* lat. 41° 12'. ^ 



Volcano of Guanahuca (Guanegue ?). 



Volcano of Minchinmadom, lat. 42° 48', height 7993 feet. 



Volcan del Corcovado* lat. 43° 12', height 7509 feet. 



Volcano of Yanteles (Yntales), lat. 43° 29', height 8030 feet. 



Upon the last four volcanoes, see Captain Fitzroy, Erped. of the 

 Beagle, vol. iii., p. 275, and GiUiss, vol. i., p. 13. 



Volcano of San Clemente, opposite to the Peninsula de Tres Montes, 

 which consists, according to Darwin, of granite, lat. 46° 8'. On 

 the gi-eat map of South America, by La Cruz, a more southern 

 volcano, De los Gigantes, is given, opposite the Archipelago de la 

 Madre de Dios, in lat. 51° 4'. Its existence is very doubtful. 



The latitudes in the foregoing table of volcanoes are for the most 

 part derived from the maps of Pissis, Allan Campbell, and Claud© 

 Gay, in the admirable work of Gilliss (1855). 



