TRUE VOLCANOES. " 285 



face of w6ich lies 1865 feet below the highest point of the 

 surrounding wall, and in which scoriaceous lava masses pro- 

 ject here and there from the layer of pounded rapilli. Even 

 the enormous crater of Kirauea, in Owhyhee, which is filled 

 with glowing lava, does not, according to the accurate trig- 

 onometrical survey of Captain Wilkes, and the excellent 

 observations of Dana, attain the size of that of Gunung 

 Tengger. In the middle of the crater of the latter there 

 rise four small cones of eruption, actual circumvallated fun- 

 nel-shaped chasms, of which only one, Bromo (the mythical 

 name Brahma, a word which has the signification of fire in 

 the Kawi, although not in the Sanscrit), is now not active. 

 Bromo presents the remarkable phenomenon that from 1838 

 to 1842 a lake was formed in its funnel, of which Junghuhn 

 has proved that it owes its origin to the influx of atmos- 

 pheric waters, which have been heated and acidulated by 

 the simultaneous penetration of sulphurous vapors.* Next 

 to Gunung Tengger, Gunung Raon has the largest crater, 

 but the diameter of this is about one half less. The view 

 into the interior is awe-inspiring. It appears to extend to 

 a depth of more than 2398 feet ; and yet the remarkable 

 volcano, 10,178 feet in height, which Junghuhn has ascend- 

 ed and so carefully described,! is not even named on the 

 meritorious map of Raffles. 



Like almost all linear volcanoes, the volcanoes of Java 

 exhibit the important phenomenon that a simultaneity of 

 great eruptions is observed much more rarely in nearly ap- 

 proximated cones than in those which are widely separated. 

 When, in the night of the 11th and 12th of August, 1772, 

 the volcano Gunung Pepandajan (7034 feet) burst forth, the 

 most destructive eruption that has taken place upon the 

 island within historical periods, two other volcanoes, the 

 Gunung Tjerimai and Gunung Slamat, became ignited on 

 the same night, although they lie in a straight line at a dis- 

 tance of 184 and 352 miles from Pepandajan.f Even if the 



* Junghuhn, Java, bd. ii., fig. ix., s. 572, 596, and 601-604. From 

 1829 to 1848 the small crater of eruption of the Bromo had eight fiery 

 eruptions. The crater-lake, which had disappeared in 1842, had 

 been again formed in 1848 ; but, according to the obsen'ations of B. 

 van Herwerden, the presence of the water in the chasm of the cal- 

 dron hsfll no effect in preventing the eruption of red-hot, widely-scat- 

 tered scoriae. 



t Junghuhn, bd. ii., s. 624-641. 



JThe G. Pepandajan was ascended in 1819 by Reinwardt, and in 

 1837 by Junghuhn. The latter, who has accurately investigated the 



