Irrigation and Drainage 



But where cement or wooden distributing flumes, 

 such as are shown in Figs. 107 and 108, are used, 

 it is usually quite easy to so completely control the 

 discharge that no waste need occur, and in cases 

 where water is scanty and expensive this method is 

 adopted to great advantage. 



Fig. 109. Model of orchard irrigation by ring furrows. 



When the trees of an orchard are young, it is 

 quite unnecessary to irrigate the whole ground, and 

 a common practice is to make a furrow around each 

 tree, as represented in Fig. 109, allowing the water 

 to flow along the single distributing furrow, sending 

 it into the side rings for 12 or 24 hours until a cone 

 of saturated soil is secured below each tree. As the 



