REGULATION OF SALE 187 



in Germany is very low. It would be quite impracti- 

 cable to enforce higher standards under such circum- 

 stances. 



In 26 states of the United States there are laws estab- 

 lishing milk standards. 47 The limits for fat are from 3 

 per cent, (in one state only is the limit below 3 per cent. ; 

 in Khode Island it is 2.5 per cent.) to 3.5 per cent, (in one 

 state, Massachusetts, for half the year, the limit is 3.7 

 per cent.). For total solids, the limits are from 12 per 

 cent, (in one state only is the standard lower: Ohio, 

 during May and June, it is 11.5 per cent.) to 13 per 

 cent. 



The standards for cities and towns vary within the 

 same limits ; some are established by the state standard 

 and some by the cities themselves. L. P.] 



It is evident from the above requirements that it is 

 difficult to agree on percentages and standards which 

 may be considered perfectly just and reasonable. If the 

 requirements are placed too high, the owners of a num- 

 ber of herds (especially those made up of purchased 

 cows) soon find it impossible to deliver milk in the cities ; 

 if the requirements are placed too low, the object of reg- 

 ulation is attained only to a very limited extent. There- 

 fore, it has been suggested that different grades of whole 

 milk be established. Leipzig and Dresden have such 

 a provision, under which only milk with a minimum fat 

 content of 2.8 per cent, to 3 per cent, is permitted to be 

 sold as " whole milk I quality, " while unadulterated 

 cow's milk of less fat content can be sold under the 

 name " whole milk II quality "; in Leipzig, however, 

 this can be marketed only with the designation of the 

 fat content. Several other Saxon cities have similar 



47 H. E. Alvord and R. A. Pearson, The Milk Supply of 200 

 Cities and Towns, U. S. Dept. of Agr., B. A. L, Bulletin No. 46, 

 Washington, 1903. 



