FOREST POLICIES OF FOREIGN NATIONS. 315 



after removal of the old growth and occasionally 

 on open ground where public safety requires. 



(3) Prohibition of devastation or deterioration — 

 a vague and undefinable provision. 



(4) Definite prescription as to the manner of 

 cutting (especially on sand-dunes, along river 

 courses, etc.). 



(5) Enforced employment of qualified personnc/. 

 In addition to all these measures of restriction, 



control and police, and enforcement, there should 

 be mentioned the measures of encouragement, 

 which consist in the opportunity for the education 

 of foresters, dissemination of information, and 

 iinancial aid. 



In the latter direction Prussia, in the decade 

 1 882-1 892, contributed for reforestation of waste 

 places by private owners $335,000, besides large 

 amounts of seeds and plants from its state nurs- 

 eries. Instruction in forestry to farmers is given at 

 twelve agricultural schools in Prussia. In nearly 

 all states permission is given to government offi- 

 cers to undertake for compensation at the request 

 of the owners the regulation or even the manage- 

 ment of private forest property. 



For the education of the lower class of foresters 

 there may be about twenty special schools in Ger- 

 many and Austria, while for the higher classes not 

 only ten special forest academies are available, but 

 three universities and two polytechnic institutes 

 have forestry faculties. 



