No. 129.] 491 



* By taking certain precautions, water may he cooled fifteen or 

 even twenty degrees of Fahrenheit, scale below the proper freez- 

 ing point without the superyention of solidification. He says it 

 must be cooled without the slightest agitation, and no angular 

 body must come in c(>ntact with it. If tremor is communicated, 

 congelation commences and the temperature starts up to thirty- 

 two degrees. 



Eminent physiologists say, that the sap of trees and shrubs, 

 which are uninjiu*ed by extreme cold, aie never frozen. I have 

 known cabbages to freeze to the very centre without sustaining 

 injury; so do other plants too numerous to mention. 



On the Apple. — R. L. Pell said, that the raost useful of all 

 our fruits is the apple, because it comes witliin the reach of the 

 humbler classes of mankind, is hardy, consequently can be grown 

 universally without the aid of artificial heat. It is employed in 

 the dessert, the culinary department, and for the manufacture 

 of cider, and has a decided advantage over all the known fruits, 

 that is, it remains a long time in seasoriyand can be kept through 

 out the winter without difficulty. The Romans set an extraor- 

 dinary value upon fine bearing apple trees. It came originally 

 from Asia, and was introduced into Europe by grafting upon the 

 crab apple, which was indigenous to that country, where there 

 are now trees one thousand years old. In 1831 tke ITorticuhu- 

 ral Society of London enumerated fifteen hundred sorts in culti- 

 vation, ripening from the first of July to the last of November. 

 In 1629 there were but fifty-eight varieties known in Europe. 



Apple trees cannot be made to grow and bear fruit in tropical 

 countries, neither is it known in Lapland; it extends to the lati- 

 tude of sixty. Like the oak, it is the growth of temperate and 

 cold climates alone. Many imagine that the splendid apples 

 known to our ancestors are now debilitated and partially worn 

 out; among others they instance the Golden Pippin, and even go 

 90 far as to say that, whea the mother tree of the apple dies, all 

 derived from it die also. I consider this idea entirely erroneous, 

 and know it to be S'O from the fact that the original Newtown 

 Pippin tree died some years since on Long Island, and the mother 



