AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 421 



it is this keeping and feeding which has given them their supe- 

 rior characters for beef and milk, unequaled b)^ anytliing of tlie 

 kind found in the old world. 



By the census returns of 1850, New^-York annually produced 

 79,766,094 lbs. of butter; 49,741,413 lbs. cheese. Pennsylvania, 

 42,000,000 lbs. and upwards of butter. There are no such dairy 

 ln?rds in England or Europe as in New-York, New England and 

 Pennsylvania; nor will the working oxen in the old world compare 

 in goodness with the working cattle of New England. 



The cold, damp climate of England and Scotland is not so 

 favorable to stock as the pure, dryer air, clear skies, and summer 

 vegetation of the New World. The snow in New England com- 

 mences to fall the first of December, and continues to the 20th 

 March, generally. It is dry and mealy, the climate is cool, dry 

 and bracing, seldom damp and chilly. The mountains and hills 

 furnish pastures for cattle, such as are unknown to the Old 

 World. 



Cattle bred here grow to the largest size, their lungs and cliest 

 become expanded, their bones and muscles strong, the barrel of 

 the carcass large, full, roomy and round. The geldings have 

 borne the yoke in their youth, and have experienced the good 

 effects of it. Hence the working oxen are stronger, larger and 

 better than any other, and make the best of beef when fattened. 



The States of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, have as 

 fine animals as any other. Their stock originally came in from 

 France, and from Plymouth, Bristol, Norfolk, Cumberland, York- 

 shire, Denmark and Scotland, and from New England. 



The Massachusetts colony began at Salem, in 1621, and con- 

 tinued till 1692. They brought along with them the " York- 

 shire," the early " Short-horns," the " Lincolnshires," the " Nor- 

 folks," the " Suffolk Duns," the " Leicestershires," the "Devons," 

 and the " Welsh Cattle." 



Many settlements were made in New Hampshire and Maine, 

 from the Massachusetts colony and the towns on the Merrimack 

 river, bringing in their cattle. 



The first grant of a patent of Maine extended from latitude 40° 

 to 48° clear to the bay of Chaleur in Canada, and from the A.t- 



