208 



METHODS OF CONTROLLING CUTTINGS 



Character of cutting 



System of marking 



Intermediate cuttings: 

 Cleanings 



Liberation cuttings . . . 



Thinnings 



Improvement cuttings 

 Salvage cuttings 



Severance cuttings 



Pruning 



The selection of the vines, shrubs and 

 trees to be removed is made by the 

 choppers as the operation proceeds. 

 Should be closely supervised or else be 

 done by men skilled in the operation. 



Mark the trees to come out, or leave selec- 

 tion to the choppers as the work pro- 

 ceeds. 



Mark the trees to come out. 



Mark the trees to come out. 



Mark the trees to come out. Where trees 

 to be removed are entirely dead or se- 

 verely injured they can be selected by 

 the choppers as the work proceeds. 



Mark the boundaries of the strip to be cut 

 clear. 



Mark, in such a manner as not to cause 

 wounds, the trees to be pruned. 



Marking Rules. — Marking rules in their simplest form 

 comprise a set of instructions for marking timber. To be of 

 practical use they must refer specifically to a single species 

 or to a single forest type and usually to a given forest 

 area. 



Marking rules have been used principally by the United 

 States Forest Service in their pubHcations concerning various 

 commercial trees and in the appHcation of silviculture in the 

 national forests. See references at end of chapter. 



Such rules may range from simple instructions as to the 

 classes of trees to be marked up to statements, summarizing 

 the important silvical characteristics of the species and 

 outlining the methods of reproduction and treatment 

 throughout the rotation, to be used for the given trees or 

 type. 



Marking rules are intended primarily for the assistance of 

 the forest officers in charge of the marking on timber sales. 

 If only one kind of cutting, such as a Grade C thinning or a 



