CHAPTER XVIII 



PROTECTION AGAINST DOMESTIC ANIMALS; 

 GRAZING 



Introductory. — The common domestic animals exerting 

 direct influence upon the forest are cattle, horses, mules, asses 

 and burros, swine, sheep and goats. Poultry may also be 

 included though of minor importance. 



These animals are distributed through all parts of the 

 United States.^ Based on number of animals the region from 

 eastern Nebraska to eastern Ohio and from the southern part 

 of the Lake States to St. Louis may be considered the center 

 of the industry. Sheep furnish an exception to this state- 

 ment, about 40 per cent of the sheep being found in the Rocky 

 Mountain States. 



The use of forest areas for grazing purposes is of common 

 occurrence throughout the country, but is done to much 

 greater extent in some parts than in others. The entire West, 

 with the exception of those few sections favored with abun- 

 dant precipitation and mild climate, is dependent upon for- 

 ested grazing lands or upon elevated areas of open land, so 

 interspersed among forested areas as to require management 

 as part of the forest property. The best summer forage is in 

 or adjacent to these forested areas. The same land must 

 often be utilized for the two purposes of timber production 

 and grazing. 



In the remainder of the country, wheredomestic animals 

 are not forced to take refuge in the forest to escape unfavor- 

 able climatic conditions and where density of forest growth 

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