METHODS OF CONTROL AND PREVENTION 289 



trolling and preventing injury from grazing may be sum- 

 marized under the following two headings: 



Protection by excluding domestic animals from the area to 

 be protected. 



Protection by close regulation of the grazing in the area to 

 be protected. 



Protection by Excluding Domestic A nimals. — Domestic 

 animals may be excluded from an area throughout the entire 

 rotation or only for the regeneration period. Exclusion for 

 the entire rotation might be necessary in protection forests, 

 where serious damage from erosion might occur or the Hfe of 

 the forest be threatened. Elsewhere such an extreme meas- 

 ure rarely is justified. Exceptions will be found in forests 

 where grazing is exceedingly injurious. In such forests it may 

 be necessary permanently to exclude stock, even though the 

 forests be managed primarily for timber production rather 

 than for protection purposes. 



Most of the direct damage to the forest is done during the 

 reproduction period. Hence keeping out animals at that 

 time will often reduce the total injury to an insignificant 

 amount. Barnes^", page 212, of his book "Western Grazing 

 Grounds and Forest Ranges," in discussing injury by sheep 

 to areas being reproduced says: "Such areas can therefore be 

 temporarily closed, and once the young timber is past the 

 danger stage can be again opened for grazing." 



Selection stands are continually undergoing regeneration 

 and in need of constant protection from grazing. 



Protection by Close Regulation of the Grazing. — This 

 method is in successful operation over a large part of the 

 National Forests. The following quotation from Western 

 Grazing Grounds and Forest Ranges, page 209, by Barnes, ^° 

 indicates the situation: "There are few of the national forests 

 which to-day are not open to grazing of some kind of stock in 



