298 PROTECTION AGAINST AVALANCHES, ETC. 



special measures are required to adequately control floods. 

 Consideration of this subject is outside the scope of the present 

 work. 



Shifting Sands. — Shifting sands are capable of destroying 

 entire forests, and conversely the estabhshment and main- 

 tenance of forests upon areas of shifting sands is the only 

 method of rendering them productive and preventing injury 

 to adjacent property. 



The reclamation of shifting sands is not here pertinent. 

 The important point in the prevention of injury to estab- 

 lished forests from shifting sands is to preserve intact the 

 humus, litter, and ground cover and thereby afford no oppor- 

 tunity for the sand to move. 



Grazing should be excluded or closely regulated to prevent 

 over-grazing. The selection method is preferable, though if 

 the forest floor is unbroken and reproduction starts promptly 

 other reproduction methods are allowable. 



REFERENCES 



I. MuNGER, T. T. Avalanches and Forest Cover in the Northern Cascades. 

 Circular 173, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, 191 1. 



Fisher W. R. Forest Protection. Schlich's Manual of Forestry, Vol. IV, 

 London, 1895, pp. 496-538. 



