34 LITERATURE OF THE SUBJECT 



In 1850, Ber DUnenhau auf Ostsee, Kusten Wesf-Preussens, by G. 

 C. A, Krause, 1850, appeared; and subsequently there was published. 



In 1854, Ansichteii uher die Bewaldiing der Stepioen des Europdischen 

 Russlands, by J. von den Brincken. Braunschwieg. 8vo. 



In 1856 was published at Haarlem De Boden von Nederlanden, by 

 W. C. H. Staring. 



In 1861 was published at Copenhagen Om Klit formationen og 

 Klittens BeJiandlhig, og Bestyvelse, by C. C. Andreson. 



And in 1873 was published at Vienna Der Euroixiische Flug sand 

 und seine Kidtv^r, by Josef Wessely, in which is given a list of upwards 

 of 100 books and papers on subjects pertaining to this department of 

 forest science in Hungarian, Latin, and German, published in 

 Hungary alone. 



In our own language valuable information in regard to the natural 

 history of sand, and of sand dunes, is given by the Honourable Mr 

 G. P. Marsh in his volume on " The Earth as Modified by Human 

 Action ;" and by Professor R. C. Kedzie of the Agricultural College 

 of the State of Michigan, in a lecture delivered at the College, in 

 September, 1870 ; which will be printed in the appendix. 



It does not come within the scope of my purpose in this volume 

 to enter upon the consideration of the more comprehensive views of 

 the subject thus opened up. The discussion of these is for the pre- 

 sent postponed. 



In accordance with what has been advanced in a previous chapter, 

 is a narrative of the operations given in an article on pine trees, 

 which appeared in the Edinburgh Review in October, 1864. 



From this it appears the Landes, in Gascony in 1789, covered 300 

 square miles, ever shifting, and ever encroaching on the productive 

 land beyond this sand. M. Bremontier, in the administration of forests, 

 set himself to fix, and, if practicable, so to utilise this as to make it 

 productive. 



" In his report of proceedings, he compared this sandy tract to a 

 billowy sea. It ofi'ered nothing to the eye but a monotonous 

 repetition of white wavy hillocks perfectly destitute of vegetation. 

 When violent storms of wind occurred, the surface of these downs was 

 entirely changed — what were hills had become valleys, and valleys, 

 hills. The sand on these occasions was often blown into the interior 

 of the country, actually covering cultivated fields, villages, and 

 even entire forests. This was done so gradually by a shower of 

 particles as fine as the sand used for hour glasses that nothing was 



