INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN IN SCHOOL OP FORESTRY. 131 



ber present intermediate characters, but too ill-defined to allow of 

 them being taken as typical forms, and thus to increase the number 

 of divisions ; others have no characteristics of their own, but a mix- 

 ture of many types, without a marked predominance of any. In 

 these two cases I have placed these lots, under supplementary 

 titles at the end of the series to which they most closely ap- 

 proached. 



" In this mode of classification, the two extreme types, the elongated 

 pyramidal Riga pine on the one part, and the Briangon on the other, 

 are perfectly distinct ; a third and intermediate type, the Haguenau 

 pine, although less characteristic, is yet sufficiently so to allow of my 

 admitting it as such." 



The following are instructions given in the School of Forestry In 

 regard to the exploitation of a forest of Scotch firs ; but there are 

 employed several terms not in general use in speaking of the manage- 

 ment of woods and forests in England, of which it may be well to 

 give some explanation. One of these terms is revolution. This is 

 applied to the time occupied in the complete reproduction of a forest 

 in the state in which it may be at any one time, as, for example, from 

 the sowing, or from the felling of one crop to the sowing or felling of 

 a second. Fellings executed at diff'erent periods of the growth of the 

 trees, with a view to the effecting of different objects have different 

 designations given to them. Amongst these are the following : coupe 

 cVensemencevient, a designation given to a thinning of the seedlings or 

 saplings, and of trees left to give shade to seed in germination, and 

 to seedlings in the early stages of their growth ; coupe secondaire, a 

 designation given to a second thinning of the same kind executed 

 seven years later ; and coupe definitive, a designation given to a third 

 felling of the same kind, when all trees of the previous crop left 

 growing to supply shade and shelter to the rising crop are felled, 

 leaving of that crop only such as are destined for the production of 

 seed by which the ground may again be sown, to which standards the 

 designation Bcdiveaux Anglice, staddles, is given. 



There are other technical designations given to fellings or thinnings 

 in other circumstances, with a view to the accomplishment of other 

 objects ; but with these we do not here come in contact. There are, 

 however, other terms which it may be well to explain, such as Bois 

 hlanc, Morts-bois, and Gualis. The first designation ia applied to 

 wood of little value, such as that of willows and poplars, etc., the 

 second is applied to worthless brush- wood, or undergrowth, junipers, 



