286 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



ing and spreading, were applied. Those made on the farm are 

 cared for in the best manner, but none others are ever brought to 

 the farm, although they can be had at Newark, two and a half 

 miles, at $1 per cord. 



Improved Tools. 



Of these there is a great variety ; some distinctly labor-saving, 

 while others embrace this quality in a less degree, but perform 

 the work more perfectly and in less time, than those formerly in 

 use. 



Professor Mapes has found practically, that a few dollars ex- 

 pended to produce a tool precisely adapted, even to the working 

 of but one kind of crop, if labor-saving or capable of rapid use, 

 was profitable in the end, as it enabled all the work which should 

 be done in early spring, or any other season, to be then done, and 

 not at an inappropriate time. The motto of the farm is, ^^ never 

 use a dull knife?'' 



Among these tools are various double mould-board plows for 

 banking celery, and other uses. Some of these have cut or open 

 mould-boards, 'permitting the disturbed soil to pass through for 

 special uses, etc. Varieties of horse tools for weeding to different 

 depths, with means for separating weeds from disturbed surface- 

 soil instead of replanting them ; seed sowers of various kinds; 

 dibbles, spuds, etc.; earth borers for post holes ; planting tubes ; 

 digging forks of superior strength and adapted to various special 

 uses ; draining tools ; potato diggers, etc. ; liquid manure carts, 

 with sprinklers when required. The more important, however, 

 of the improved tools, are the following : 



Mapes'' and Gihhs'' Digging Machine. 



This implement the committee saw in use, and had every rea- 

 son to be satisfied with its performance, as it leaves the soil in 

 better tilth and to a greater depth, than can possibly be brought 

 about by plowing, harrowing and rolling. This machine may be 

 worked by a pair of oxen or mules, and will disturb as much soil 

 in two hours to a depth of sixteen inches, as can be disturbed in 

 five hours by the same team with any plow to the depth of eight 

 ^inches ; or, differently stated, it will disturb five acres to the depth 

 of sixteen inches, in the same time that the same team can plow 



