AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 405 



after being removed, and therefore do not suffer half as ninch as 

 the beech, birch, oalis and hicli:ories, the roots of which are not 

 well supplied with fibres. 



The generality of trees should be planted in the fell, imme- 

 diately after the leaf falls, this gives them several months before 

 thf ground becomes thoroughly frozen to form rootlets, and pre- 

 pares them to undergo the vicissitudes of a changeable spring. I 

 planted last fall some ten thousand trees, and with the exception 

 of the locusts and a tew evergreens, consider the fall the only 

 safe season, because the root has an opportunity of fixing itself 

 permanently in the earth through the medium of its numerous 

 ramifications, and thus forming at its extremities spongelets to 

 absorb the necessary fluids, as these become the only true roots 

 to supply the tree with nourishment. There are in roots two 

 fluids of different densities, the one flows inwardly and is called 

 endosmose, the other outwardly and is called exosmose. The 

 fluid in the interior of the root is rendered dense, by mixing 

 with the descending sap, and as long as this difference exists the 

 roots absorb fluids. This may be proved by growing plants in 

 water, when it will be found that a gummy matter is discharged 

 impregnating the water with a taste peculiar to the plant; there- 

 fore if the planter desires his plants to continue in a healthy 

 state, he must maintain the conditions of exosmose and endos- 

 mose. As we rarely see in nature a large number of the same 

 variety of forest trees growing together, except perhaps pines and 

 hemlocks, therefore when we plant it would be well to follow 

 nature, and plant varieties. Deciduous treeo always succeed 

 better when planted among firs; pine leaves, pound for pound, 

 yield thirteen times more ashes than pine wood. The annual fall 

 of these leaves gives alkalies to the land, a source of fruitfulness 

 advantageous to deciduous trees. 



Why do pine trees succeed oaks, and beech pine, the soil must 

 be rendered by a growth of pines uncongenial for a second growth, 

 but congenial for another, or else the labors of man cause it. I 

 have found that nature protects trees that stand in exposed situa- 

 tions, first by allowing them three times the quantities of roots 

 that would be necessary in the forest; second, by clothing them 

 with many more branches, and they so formed as to balance the 

 tree perfectly; thirdly, their stems ars shorter, and consequently 

 stouter, and fourthly the bark is much thicker, nature remem- 

 bering (and man should do the same,) that trees as well as animals 

 are organized beings. We know that in nature there are two 



[Am Inst] 27 



