476 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



but indifferently in transplanting, while the fibrous rooted grow 

 almost without check on transplanting, and without the loss of 

 one in a thousand. The tap rooted trees grow late, have a succu- 

 lent formation of wood, the sap is not sufficiently condensed to 

 resist the freezing of winter, and the tree is blighted. The fibrous 

 rooted tree, with its pores near the surface, early feels the change 

 of season, ripens its leaves, its sap becomes condensed, and the 

 wood thoroughly ripened and prepared for winter. 



ORIGIN OF VARIETIES IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



Dr. Waterbury — The different species of animals and plants 

 now existing on the surface of the earth, have maintained the 

 same forms and the same peculiarities on which their identity 

 depends from the beginning of each species. The progressive 

 changes from lower to higher organizations in the geological his- 

 tory of the earth are abrupt. When a new species makes its 

 appearance we always find it fully developed from the first — - 

 neither preceded nor followed by any hybrid forms. There is no- 

 evidence that a single species has ever originated in any process 

 of variation, or in fact from any other causes than" a direct inter- 

 position of created power. In our native forests the black ash 

 delights in moist ground, while the white ash chooses the drier 

 elevations. Though these two trees differ so little from each 

 other as to be distinguished only on considerable acquaintance, 

 yet the black ash, transplanted to dry grounds, never becomes the 

 white ash, nor does the white ash become the black ash under the 

 opposite conditions. The hard maple and the soft maple side by 

 side have traveled over half the continent vegetating together in 

 various soils and together subject to ten degrees of change of 

 climate, and yet, though both produce^sugar, and the two are not 

 readily distinguished from each other, yet no confusion of species 

 has occurred, nor does the one become the other in any stage of 

 its growth from that of a shrub in high northern latitudes to that 

 of the most stately and majestic of trees in New-York and Ver- 

 mont. Tbe same is equally true of the white and red beech. 



A large tract of land on which the city of Hamburg is situated 

 rests on the remains of an ancient forest, sunk some thirty to one 

 hundred feet below the surface, and composed of limes and oaks 



