AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 485 



with the countries bordering on the Baltic. Denmarlc and the 

 north of Germany and on this continent, the southern part of the 

 Russian possessions, buckwheat occupies the same ground. 



Schouw, quoted by Lindley, from Jameson's Pliilosophical 

 Journal, April 1825, says : 



" To these there follows a zone in Europe and Western Asia, 

 where wheat almost exclusively furnishes bread. To this zone 

 belong England, the low lands of Scotland, France, 'Germany, 

 Hungary, the Crimea and the Caucasus, and some lands in the 

 middle of Asia. Next comes a district where wheat still abounds 

 but no longer exclusively furnishes bread; rice and maize 

 becoming frequent. To this zone belong Portugal, Spain, that 

 portion of France on the Mediterranean, Italy and Greece, and 

 also the countries of the east, Persia, Northern India, Arabia, 

 Egypt, Nubia, Barbary and the Canary Islands. In these latter 

 countries, however, the culture of maize or rice towards the south 

 is more considerable, and in some of them several kinds of sor- 

 ghum or dourrha are used. In the region of wheat, rye only 

 occurs at considerable elevations and oats still more seldom until 

 both entirely disappear, barley affording food for horses and mules. 

 In the eastern p&rt of the temperate zone of the old continent, in 

 China and Japan, our northern kinds of grain are very unfrequent, 

 and rice is found to predominate." 



So far, this could not have been written better to substantiate 

 the views we are taking, but he adds : 



" The cause of this difference between the east and the west of 

 the old continent, appears to be in the manners and peculiarities 

 of the people." 



Why not, to use an agricultural expression, put the horse before 

 the cart ? He continues : 



" In North America wheat and rye grow as in Europe, but more 

 sparingly. Maize is more reared in the western than in the old 

 continent, and rice predominates in the southern provinces of the 

 United States." 



He then goes on to define in the same way that the kingdom of 

 wheat has been defined, the kingdoms of, first, rye and buckwheat, 

 second, barley and oats; thii-d, rice; fourth, maize. We wonder 

 [Am. Inst.] 32 



