Proceedixgs of the Farmers' Club. G85 



brown color, witli little white specks that are minute fragments of 

 bones. We now come to an improvement in the manufacture of 

 this class of manures, which consists in the production of wliat is 

 known as double refined poudrette. This is doiije by combining the 

 first grade of the poudrette, the manufacture of v.-hich has just been 

 sketched, with animal offal, by which means the strength and value 

 of the fertilizer is materially increased. And here it may be of 

 interest to note the nature of this oftal and the soui-ce from which it 

 is derived. 



Aside from the dead animals from the cities, offal is brought from 

 Communipaw, and consists, for the most part, of the intestines, livers, 

 lights, etc., of the thousands of animals tliat are every week slaugh- 

 tered there. This offal contains a considerable percentage of grease, 

 which it is desirable to save. It is, therefore, put into large tanks 

 and steamed. The hot steam melts and extracts the grease, which 

 accumulates on the surface of the water formed in the tanks by the 

 condensation of the steam, and is drawn off". The remaining contents 

 of the tank are then shipj^ed to the poudrette works. This offal is 

 much more offensive to the smell than the disinfected night-soil, so 

 much so, that, instead of letting it lie in an open reservoir like the 

 latter, it is piled up in great heaps and covered over with earth, in 

 order to keep the efliuvia from contaminating tiie atmosphere. 



In making the double-refined poudrette, a large quantity of the 

 oifal is very intimately mixed and incorporated with an equal portion 

 of the first grade of the poudrette, formed as described directly from 

 the night-soil. This is done under cover, inasmuch as wetting would 

 materially interfere with the desired result. The poudrette, being 

 very dry, absorbs the moisture from the oftal and brings the whole 

 mass into such a state as to enalile it to pass through another mill 

 similar to the first. This gi'inds up the otfal and converts the whole 

 into a powdery substance resembling the jjoudrette formed in the first 

 instance, except that it contains a much larger proportion of bone, 

 derived from the offal, and is more damp and sticky to the touch. 

 This double-refined material falls from the mill directly into the carts, 

 by which it is conveyed to the storehouse, a large wooden build- 

 ing capable of holding many thousand tons. The material is 

 dumped upon the floor, load after load, and thus stored in bulk. 

 Being packed hard by the passage over it of the carts and horses, 

 the entrance of air into the mass, or the release of ammonia, is very 

 slight. As no chemicals, peat, or absorbent materials are used it 



