90 EMPLOYMENT OF THE PLEBISCITE [[388 



provinces (Bologna, Ferrara, Forli, Massa and Carrara, 

 Modena, Parma, Placentia, Ravenna and Reggio) " an in- 

 tegral part of the State. . . ."" 



In the same manner Tuscany was incorporated in the 

 Kingdom of Sardinia by royal decree of March 22/^ 



The Duke of Modena, the Duchess of Parma, the Duke of 

 Tuscany, and the Pope, issued official protests against the 

 annexations of Modena, Parma, Tuscany, and of the Papal 

 Legations of the Romagna. The Duke of Modena protested 

 against "the recent decree of annexation, which it is care- 

 fully made to appear as the consequence of a supposed 

 universal voting, and which . . , completes the series of 

 unjust and illegal acts by which the sovereignty which we 

 have inherited from our ancestors has been taken from us, 

 after having exercised it for several centuries ; sovereignty 

 which . . . was by the Treaty of Vienna of 181 5 recognized 

 and reinstated in favor of our family by the whole of 

 Europe, happily then coalesced and triumphant over the 

 revolution," and he is convinced that in so protesting " we 

 are thus performing the duties confided to us by Divine 

 Providence. . . ."^* 



The Duke of Tuscany raised his voice " to protest on the 

 rmllity of the acts consummated by an illegal government ; 

 to protest against the consequences which are or may be 

 inferred from those acts by him who has recognized and 

 reserved our rights by solemn treaties [the Preliminaries of 

 Villafranca, the Treaty of Zurich] ": he appealed for "our 

 right to all sovereigns, who must recognize in our cause the 

 interests of their own. . . ."^^ 



The Duchess of Parma, in behalf of her son, protested 

 " against the pretended right of transfer [dcdicioitc] pro- 

 claimed in favor of the people; a fresh encouragement 

 brought forward for withdrawing them from obedience to 

 constitutional governments ; against the proceedings taken 



3* Hertslet, vol. ii, p. 1416. 

 ^■' Ibid., p. 1417. 

 •'"' Ihid., pp. 1418-1421. 

 3^ Ibid., pp. 1424-1428. 



