OF THE INTELLIGENCE OF YOUNG CHILDREN 31 



give a drawing (Fig. 5) which contains examples of good 

 copies (1, 2, 3) and of bad copies (4, 5, 6), so that all may- 

 adopt the same criteria. 



IV. Counts 13 pennies. — The difficulty of counting is so 

 much increased by the addition of objects that it is necessary 

 to wait until the sixth year before requiring a child to 

 count thirteen pennies. The thirteen pennies are placed in 

 juxtaposition, not one upon another. The child is instructed 

 to point to each with his finger and count aloud. It is neces- 

 sary that the solution thirteen be given; and sometimes this 

 is not sufficient, when one feels certain that it is given by 

 chance, or as the result of several errors. Three conditions 

 are necessary to the successful solution of the test: 1. That 

 the subject knows how to count to thirteen, and makes no 

 mistake in the enumeration ; one can imagine the many errors 

 possible in this process. 2. That the subject touch a piece 

 and at the same time pronounce a number ; for the correspond- 

 ence of the pointing and of the counting is often at fault. 

 There are, for example, young children who name only one 

 figure while touching, by two movements, two different pen- 

 nies. As a rule, the hand moves more quickly than the 

 speech. 3. That the subject forgets no piece and that he 

 counts no piece twice. This last error, which can be avoided 

 only by employing some method, can be committed even by 

 adults. We have seen some children of six years who took 

 the precaution to remove each penny as they counted it. This 

 is the perfection of method ; these are the good traders. 



At seven years there are no failures. 



V. Compares faces from the aesthetic point of view. — It 

 is incontestable that all young children have the sense of the 

 beautiful, and that it can be brought out by presenting the 

 problem in a simple form; for example, as a comparison, a 

 choice between two faces, one of which is pretty, the other 

 ugly ; it is necessary that the contrast between the two faces 

 be very great. This question is very interesting from the 



