BOOK V. I. 4-8 



of \% fingers. The multiplication of the foot produces 

 successively the pace, the actus, the clima, the iugerum, 

 the stadium and the centuria, and afterward still larger 

 measurements. The pace contains five feet. The 

 smallest actus (as Marcus Varro says) is four feet wide 

 and 120 feet long. The c/i'raa is 60 feet each way. The 

 squai-e actus is bounded by 120 feet each way ; when 

 doubled it forms a iugerum, and it has derived the 

 name of iugerum from the fact that it was formed by 

 joining." This actus the country folk of the province 

 of Baetica call acnua ; they also call a breadth of 30 

 feet and a length of 180 feet a porca. The Gauls give 

 the name candeium to areas of a hundred feet in urban 

 districts but to areas of 150 feet in rural districts ; 

 they also call a ha\i-iugei'um an arepennis. Two 

 actus, as I have said, form a iugerum 240 feet long 

 and 120 feet wide, which two numbers multiplied 

 together make 28,800 square feet. Next a stadium 

 contains 125 paces (that is to say 625 feet) which 

 multiplied by eight makes 1000 paces, which amount 

 to 5000 feet. We now call an area of 200 iugera a 

 centuria, as Varro again states ; but formerly the 

 centuria was so called because it contained 100 iugera, 

 but afterwards when it was doubled it retained the 

 same name, just as the tribes were so called because 

 the people were divided into three parts but now, 

 though many times more numerous, still keep their 

 old name. It was proper that we should begin by 

 briefly mentioning these facts first, as being rele- 

 vant to and closely connected with the system of 

 calculation which we are going to set forth. 



" I.e. iugerum is derived from the verb iungere " to join ", 

 because it consists of two square actus joined together. 



