THE ANATOMY OF THE MALLOPHAGA. 



{With Plates X to XVII.) 

 UY KOr.KKT E. SNODGKASS. 



The earliest work on tlie aiiiitoiuy of the Mallophat^a 

 is that of Nitzsoh. His results are coiiii^risecl in liis 

 own announcement of his work, " Darstellung der 

 Faniilien und Gattungen dor Thierinsekten (in.secta 

 epizoica) als Prodronuis einer Xaturgeschichte dersel- 

 ben," publislied in tlio third volume of Germar and 

 Zinken's " Magazin fiir die Entomologie," 1818, and 

 in Giebel's " Iiisecta Epizoa. die auf Saugethieren 

 und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insecten, nach Chr. L. 

 Nitzsch's Naehlass bearbeitet," published in 1874. 

 Botli of tho^e works are chietiy systematic, but the 

 larger groups are separated on anatomical characters. 

 The first purely anatomical paper is one by Wedl 

 in 1855, "Ueber das Herz von Mcnojton paUiihim." 

 This paper is limited to a single organ. The next, by 

 Kramer, " Beitnige zur Anatomic und Physiologic der 

 Gattung iVt/7oy)/'('/'H8 (Nitzsch)," published in Zcitschrift 

 fiir Zoologie in 1809, includes all the organs of a single 

 species {Lij>eui'u.s Jcjiiinis). The third and latest purely 

 anatomical paper is Grosse's "Beitrage zur Kenntnis 

 der Mallophagen," published in the same journal as the 

 last, in 1885. Meno/ioa titan {Tetro]t}it/t(ilinU'< cliilens-is 

 Grosse), is made the basis for detailed descriptions, but 

 the work is comparative, since more general descriptions 

 of other forms are given, and the anatomical characters 

 of the two main groups arc pointed out. In 1869 

 Kudow published a paper, " Beobachtungen iiber die 

 Lebensweise und der Bau der Malloi)hagen oder Pelz- 

 fresser, sowie Beschreibung ueuer Arten," in which the 



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