XIV 



CONTENTS. 



BOOK V. 

 ON FALLACIES. 



485 



487 



Chapter I. 

 Of Fallacies in General. 



SEC. PAGE 



1. Theory of fallacies a necessary part 



of Logic 481 



2. Casual mistakes are not fallacies. . 482 



3. The moral sources of erroneous 



opinion, how related to the intel- 

 lectual 482 



Chapter II. 

 Classification of Fallacies. 



1. On what criteria a classification of 



fallacies should be grounded 



2. The five classes of fallacies. . 



3. The reference of a fallacy to one or 



another class is sometimes arbi- 

 trary 



Chapter III. 



Fallacies of Simple Inspection, or a 

 priori Fallacies. 



1. Character of this class of Fallacies 48! 



2. Natural prejudice of mistaking 



subjective laws for objective, 

 exemplified in popular supersti- 

 tions 48c 



3. Natural prejudices that things 



which we think of together must 

 exist together, and that what is 

 inconceivable must be false 



4. Natural prejudice of ascribing 



objective existence to abstrac- 

 tions 



5. Fallacy of the Sufficient Reason . . 



6. Natural prejudice that tiie differ- 



ences in nature correspond to the 

 distinctions in language .. 



7. Prejudice that a phenomenon can- 



not liave more than one cause , . 



8. Prejudice that the conditions of a 

 • phenomenon must resemble the 



phenomenon 



491 



495 

 496 



497 



Chapter IV. 

 Fallacies of Observation. 



SEC. PAGE 



1. Non-observation and Mal-observa- 



tion 



2. Non-observation of instances, and 



non-obseryation of circumstances 



3. Examples of the former 



4. — and of the latter . . 



5. Mal-observation characterised and 



exemplified 



Chapter V. 

 Fallacies of Generalisation. 



1. Character of the class 



2. Certain kinds of generaHsation 



must always be groundless 



3. Attempts to resolve phenomena 



radically different into the same 



4. Fallacy of mistaking empirical for 



causal laws . . 



5. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc ; and the 



deductive fallacy corresponding 

 to it 



6. Fallacy of False Analogies . . 



7. Function of metaphors in reason- 



ing 



8. How fallacies of generalisation 



grow out of bad classification . . 



Chapter VI. 

 Fallacies of Ratiocination, 



1. Introductory Remarks 



2. Fallacies in the conversion and 

 pequipollency of propositions 



4- 



Fallacies in the syllogistic process 

 Fallacy of changing the premises . . 



Chapter VII. 

 Fallacies of Confusion. 



1. Fallacy of Ambiguous Terms 



2. Fallacy of Petitio Principii 



3. Fallacy of Ignoratio EUnchi 



506 



506 

 507 



509 



512 



S14 



515 

 516 



519 

 520 



525 



526 



526 

 527 

 527 



530 

 537 

 542 



