CONTENTS. 



Chapter V. 

 0/ the Law of Univei'sal Causation. 



SEC. PAGE 



1. The universal law of successive 



plieiioinena is the Law of 

 Causation 211 



2. — i.e. the law that every con- 



sequent has an invariable ante- 

 cedent 213 



3. The cause of a phenomenon is the 



assemblage of its conditions . . 214 



4. The distinction of agent and 



patient illusory 218 



5. Case in which the effect consists 



in giving a property to an object 220 



6. Tlie c;iuse is not the invariai)le 



antecedent, but the uncondi- 

 tional invavUMo antecedent .. 221 



7. Can a cause be simultaneous with 



its effect? . . .. .. . . 224 



8. Idea of a permanent Cause, or 



original natural agent . . . . 225 



9. Uniformities of co-existence be- 



tween effects of different per- 

 manent causes are not laws . . 227 



10. Theory of the Conservation of 



Force 228 



11. Doctrine that volition is an eflfi- 



cient cause, examined . . . . 232 



Chapter VI. 

 Of the Composition of Causes. 



1. Two modes of , the conjunct action 



of causes, the mechanical and 

 the chemical . . . . . . 242 



2. The composition of causes the 



general rule, the other case ex- 

 ct-ptional 244 



3. Are effects jji oportional to their 



causes ? . . 246 



Chapter VII. 

 bf Observation and Experiment. 



1, The first step of inductive inquiry 



is a mental analysis of conqolex 

 phenottiena into thuir elements 247 



2. The next is an actual separation 



249 



of those elements . . 

 3. Advantages of experiment over 

 observation 1 '. 



249 



4. Advantages of observation over 

 experiment 25 



Chapter VIII. 



Of the Four Methods of Experimental 

 Inquiry. 



1. Method of Agreement . . . . 253 



2. M'-thod of Difference ,. .. 255 



3. Mutual relation of these two me- 



thods 256 



SEC. PAGE 



4. Joint Method of Agreement and 



Difference . . . » . , . . 258 



5. Method of Residues 259 



6. Method of Concomitant Variations 260 



7. Limitations of this last method . . 264 



Chapter IX. 



Miscellaneous Examples of the Four 

 Methods. 



1. Liebig's theory of metallic poisons 267 



2. Theory of induced electricity . . 269 



3. Dr. Wells' theory of dew .. .. 271 



4. Dr. Brown-Sequard's theory of 



cadaveric rigidity 276 



5. Examplesof the Method of Residues 279 



6. Di-. Whewell's objections to the 



Four Methods 282 



Chapter X. 



Of Plurality of Causes : and of the In- 

 termixture of Effects. 



1. One effect may have several causes 285 



2. — which is the source of a character- 



istic imperfection of the Method 



of Agreement 286 



3. Plurality of Causes, how ascer- 



tained 288 



4. Concurrence of Causes which do 



not compound their effects . . 289 



5. Difficulties of the investigation 



when causes compound their 

 effects . . . . . . . . . . 291 



6. Three modes of investigating the 



laws of complex effects . . . . 294 



7. The method of simple observation 



inapplicable 295 



8. The purely experimental method 



inapplicable 296 



Chapter XI. 

 Of the Deductive Method. 



1. First stage ; ascertainment of the 



liiws of the separate causes by 

 direct inductijan 299 



2. Sec! >nd stage ; ratiocination from 



the simple laws of the complex 

 cases . . . . . . . . . . 302 



3. Third stage ; verification by specific 



experience 303 



Chapter XII. 

 Of the Explanation of Laws of Nature. 



1. Explanation defined . . . . 305 



2. First mode of explanation ; by re- 



solvinsr the law of a complex effect 

 into the laws of tlie concurrent 

 causes and the fact of their co-ex- 

 istence 305 



