ORCHARD MANAGEMENT 



141 



Procedure. Study some bearing trees. How old are the trees? 

 What kind are they? What variety? How can you distinguish fruit- 

 buds from leaf-buds? How are the fruit-buds arranged with reference 

 to the leaf-buds? Are the fruit-buds borne on spurs or on laterals? 

 Upon wood of what age are they borne? How will this influence your 

 pruning of trees this year? What facts enable you to tell by observation 

 the amount of wood growth during each of the several past years? 

 How many years' growth can you trace? State the objects to be attained 

 in pruning these particular trees. 



2. Prune one or more of the trees studied. Write a full account of 

 your procedure. A brief description of the tree before and after pruning 

 should be included in your written exercise. Special difficulties which 

 you have encountered may be mentioned. Drawings or diagrams 

 relative to the following should be included: (1) Drawing showing 

 typical shape and relative size of fruit-buds as compared with leaf -buds. 

 (2) Drawings showing position and arrangement of fruit-buds upon 

 branches. (3) Diagrams or photographs showing typical shape and 

 condition of trees before and after pruning. (4) Diagrams showing 

 how to make the different cuts used in pruning. 



EXERCISE V. Study of spray-nozzles, guns, and spraying machinery. 



Materials. Spray-guns; nozzles; power spray outfits; tubs or pails; 

 gallon measure; watch; wire screen in frame; long stick or hoe handles. 



Procedure. 1. Study the construction of various spray-nozzles and 

 spray-guns. Make diagrams of each type. 



2. Perform the following tests on nozzles and spray-guns: (1) With 

 the pump running so as to produce proper pressure, obtain the normal 

 discharge a minute of each nozzle and gun by running water through 

 the nozzle, collecting the spray in a tub or in pails and measuring the 

 amounts. (2) Test the force of the spray from each nozzle and gun by 

 measuring the distance the spray will reach. (3) Test the area the spray 

 will cover by measuring the diameter of the area covered by the spray 

 at the same distance from each nozzle. This may be ascertained by 

 directing the spray on a fence or building. (4) Test the force of the spray 

 from different nozzles by placing a wire screen in the path of the 

 spray at a definite distance from the nozzles. Notice the distance the 

 spray travels after passing through the screen. (5) Determine whether 

 the spray comes out of the nozzle as a solid cone or as a hollow cone 

 by putting a stick through the cone of spray. (6) Summarize the good 

 and bad points of each spray-gun and nozzle. 



