2 THE HOUSE FLY DISEASE CARRIER 



Historical Study." This paper has been of the greatest 

 use to physicians and to naturalists, and few general 

 articles on this subject have been written in the last 

 ten years without the freest use of the data collected by 

 Doctor Nuttall. In many cases writers have gone to 

 original sources, but it is safe to say that for the most 

 part they have learned of these original sources through 

 Doctor Nuttall's bibliography. The writer, among 

 others, in the numerous papers he has published on this 

 general subject during the years since 1900, has had 

 constant occasion to refer to this paper, and gladly ex- 

 presses his obligations to its author. 



More recently ( 1909), Doctor Nuttall (now of Cam- 

 bridge University, England) in collaboration with Mr. 

 Jepson, of Cambridge, has published a series of ab- 

 stracts of literature and a bibliography relating solely 

 to the carriage of disease by the house fly and allied 

 non-biting flies, which has been freely used in this book 

 and will be later referred to simply by references to 

 Nuttall and Jepson. 



TYPHOID OR ENTERIC FEVER 



Typhoid fever is a disease which has been differen- 

 tiated from other fevers and especially from typhus 

 within the last eighty years. It is a disease of civiliza- 

 tion, or rather, as Doctor Sedgwick has beautifully 

 expressed it, "a disease of defective civilization." It 

 depends upon defective sanitation, and surely, as Sedg- 

 wick says, defective sanitation means defective civiliza- 

 tion. 



