CARRIAGE OF DISEASE 119 



one-fifth of the soldiers in the national encampments 

 in the United States during that summer developed 

 this disease, while more than eighty per cent, of the 

 total deaths were caused by typhoid. 



About the same time that Doctor Vaughan's report 

 was presented, Dr. R. H. Quill, in a "Report on an 

 outbreak of Enteric Fever at Diyatalawa Camp, Ceylon, 

 among the Second King's Royal Rifles during the 

 period they acted as guard over the Boer prisoners of 

 the war," stated that "during the whole period that 

 enteric fever was rife in the Boer camp, flies in that 

 camp amounted almost to a plague, the military camp 

 being similarly infested, though to a lesser extent." 



During the Boer War again and again the connec- 

 tion between flies and enteric fever was noted. Nut- 

 tall and Jepson have collected some significant quota- 

 tions from different -writers of that period. These may 

 be quoted as follows : 



"Tooth and Calverley (1901, p. 73), writing of ty- 

 phoid in camps during the South African War, state 

 that 'In a tent full of men, all apparently equally ill, 

 one may almost pick out the enteric cases by the masses 

 of flies that they attract. This was very noticeable at 

 Modder River, for at that time there were in many 

 tents men with severe sunstroke who resembled in some 

 ways enteric patients, and it was remarkable to see how 

 the flies passed over them to hover round and settle on 

 the enterics. The moment an enteric patient put out 

 his tongue, one or more flies would settle on it.' 



"The authors further state that: 'At Bloemfontein 



