HISTORICAL EPILOGUE 351 



in 1597. In his youth he had taken a voyage to the Baltic, 

 and on his return lived in Holborn where he possessed a large 

 physic garden, of which in 1596 he published a catalogue (the 

 earliest in English), and this garden is perhaps the one delineated 

 at the foot of the title-page. He also drew up a letter for Lord 

 Burleigh recommending that a physic garden should be established 

 at Cambridge with himself at its head, ' to encourage the faculty of 

 simpling.' 



The Herbal was, so to speak, the Catalogue Raisonne of the 

 physic gardens, public and private, which, on the revival of learn- 

 ing, were instituted one after another throughout Europe. Until 

 recently the earliest physic or botanical garden was supposed to 

 be that founded at Venice in 1334 by the Surgeon Gualtieri, 1 if 

 it was not preceded by the one of Matthaus Sylvaticus at Salerno ; 

 but Herr H. Benrath, in his interesting introduction to the official 

 guide to the Hamburg Garden Exhibition, 2 states that the 

 Rathsapothekengarten (Municipal Physic Garden) in that city is 

 much older than the Apothecary's shop known to have been 

 situated on the Ness in 1316; proving that a Public 'Garden 

 of Simples ' existed prior to the period usually quoted. 8 



1 Hazlitt's c Gleanings in Old Garden Literature. ' 



2 Rudolf Mosse, Hamburg, 1897. 



3 See ' Sprengel's Antiquitates Botanicae,' 1798, and 'HistoriaReiHerbarise,' 

 1808 (' Geschichte der Botanik '). 



The chronological order of the foundation of the various public physic 

 gardens seems to be as follows : 



1545. At Padua, springing from Bonaside's private Garden of Simples 

 founded in 1533. 



1544. At Pisa, begun by Cosmo de Medici, with Ghinusand Caesalpinus for 

 first two directors. 



1547. At Bologna founded by Lucas Ghinus, from whom Dr Turner ac- 

 quired the knowledge enabling him to admonish Fuchsius (the godfather of the 

 Fuchsia) of ' certeine erroures ' (see Preface to his ' New Herball '). 



1560 Gesner's at Zurich; 1570 Paris; 1577 Leyden, under direction of 

 Clusius; Petrus Paaw published 'Hortus Publicus Academicse Lugduno- 

 Batavae,' 1601, with plan of the garden. 1580 Leipsic ; 1598 Montpelier, by 

 Henry IV. , famous for its circular form of which De Serres gives an engraving. 

 1610, The Jardin des Plantes, Paris, by Louis XIII. Oxford had to wait till 



